AFRICAN AMERICAN ARTIST RARE ARTWORK LOS ANGELES ASSEMBLAGE LAMONTE WESTMORELAND

Description: A VERY RARE WORK FROM THE COLLECTION OF DR. PATRICIA WOODLIN (A LEGENDARY ARTIST FROM THE LA AREA AS WELL) BY AFRICAN AMERICAN ARTIST FROM LOS ANGELES LAMONYTE WESTMORELAND. THE YELLOW BACKGROUND LOOKS LIKE WATER DAMAGE BUT LOOKS LIKE IT MIGHT BE INTENTIONAL PART OF THE ARTWORK. MEASURED WITH A DIAMETER OF 17.5 INCHES AND HAS HIS BUSINESS CARD ON THE BACK OF THE WORK. Born in Wisconsin, La Monte Westmoreland moved to California as a young adult and studied art at Los Angeles City College (AA). He continued his studies at California State University, Los Angeles, with an emphasis in painting (BA); completed his fine art studies, focusing on collage and assemblage (MA; MFA). Westmoreland redirected his focus from painting to collage and assemblage after experiencing “…my first African-American art exhibit which was curated by the Brockman Gallery of Los Angeles…[featuring] Betye Saar, John Outterbridge, David Hammons, Timothy Washington, and John Riddle. The power of this exhibition made me aware of the importance of the cultural, social, and political impact that African-American artists portrayed in their works.” He is currently working on a series of collage and assemblage pieces, Kabuki with Uncle Ben “…[these new] works project my wry sense of humor and expose social issues which are layered with political satire, complimented by my use of pop icon imagery.” La Monte Westmoreland has exhibited nationally in museums and galleries such as the Wustum Museum of Fine Art, WI; California African American Art Museum, CA; Museum of Science & Industry, IL. California galleries include, Reynolds Art Gallery; Lizardi/Harp Gallery; Feldman-Horn Gallery; Brockman Gallery; Tanner Gallery; Municipal Art Gallery; Space Gallery; Harcourt Contemporary Art Gallery, SF. National galleries: Jack Tilton Gallery, NYC; Isobel Neal Gallery, Chicago, IL. Grady Harp, Lizardi/Harp Gallery, writes, “His art is unique in the tradition of Joseph Cornell-meticulously crafted, sensitive statements that use painting, drawing, collage and assimilation with profound simplicity.” Dr. Lamont H. Yeakey, California State University states, “Intelligent and sophisticated, as an artist he [Westmoreland] ranks among the very best creative minds of his generation in contemporary America.” Westmoreland’s collage & assemblage artworks are found in national foundations and private art collections. California Foundation Collections: Los Angeles -California State University; Gallery Tanner; Museum of African-American Art; Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company; San Diego - New Visions Fine Arts; San Francisco - James H. Jones. National Collections: Museum of African-American Art, TX; Mobil Oil Foundation, TX; and Atlanta Life Insurance Company, GA. His works appear in over 150 private collections. Private collectors include: Ed Anderson, Dr. Mika Cho, Atty. Katherine Cooks, Laddie John Dill, Dr. Grady Harp; Dr. Samella Lewis; Dr. Armando Lizardi, Tom Lundquist, John Outterbridge, Josine Ianco-Starrels, Mr. & Mrs. Alan Tanaka, Joan Vaupen, Kent Twitchell; Mr. & Mrs. Richard Wyatt; Mr. And Mrs. David Yamaguchi. Numerous exhibition reviews and articles on La Monte Westmoreland’s work have appeared in the Los Angeles Times, Art in America, San Francisco Art Monthly, Afro-American Art, Artweek, Art Scene, Santa Barbara Magazine, Neworld; and other media avenues. La Monte Westmoreland received honors and awards during his lifetime of work. As student alumni of Washington Park High School, WI, he was honored to be “…placed in the Washington Park High School Hall of Fame.” He also received Awards of Recognition from the Santa Monica Arts Commission Olympic Committee, CA; and Tri-Cities Art Association, CA. Westmoreland, LaMonte E. (b. Racine, WI, 1941; active Altadena, CA, 2011) Bibliography and ExhibitionsMONOGRAPHS AND SOLO EXHIBITIONS: Santa Monica (CA). M. Hanks Gallery.The Artwork of LA MONTE WESTMORELAND.November 3-December 22, 2007.Solo exhibition. GENERAL BOOKS AND GROUP EXHIBITIONS: ALHAMBRA (CA). Howeeduzzit Gallery.Assemblage & Collage.February 21-March 13, 2010.Group exhibition. Curated by Howard Swerdloff. Included: Charles Dickson, Dave Lovejoy, Joseph Sims, Richard Turner, LaMonte Westmoreland. ALHAMBRA (CA). Howeeduzzit Gallery.Assemblage and Collage.February 21-March 13, 2009.Group exhibition. Curated by Howard Swerdloff. Included: Charles Dickson, David Lovejoy, Joseph Sims, Richard Turner, LaMonte Westmoreland. ATLANTA (GA). Atlanta Life Insurance Co.The Tenth Annual Atlanta Life National Art Competition and Exhibition.February-March, 1990.Group exhibition. Jurors: Camille Billops, Curtis Patterson, Elizabeth Catlett (appointed but too ill to serve), Jesse Hill, Jr. Artists exhibited included: Amalia Amaki, William Anderson (purchase award), Kwabena Ampofo-Anti, Joy Ballard-Peters (purchase award), Garry Biggs, Jacqueline Bontemps, Willie Buchanan (purchase award), Harriet Buckley, Michael Bynum, Anthony Cammack, Carol Carter, April Chartrand, Kevin Cole, William Cooper, Andy Cunningham, Jr., Walt Davis, Willis [Bing] Davis, Louis Delsarte, Robert Dilworth, Chuck Douglas, William Duffy (purchase award), Ed Dwight, Herbert Edwards, Kenneth Falana (printmaking purchase award), Robert Foster, Devery Freeman (purchase award), Eddie Granderson, Karl Hall, Reynaldo Hernandez, Vandorn Hinnant (purchase award), Raymond Holbert, Robin Holder (purchase award), Charnelle Holloway, Charles Holmes (purchase award), Stefanie Jackson, Walter James, Rosalyn Johnson, Ted Jones, Carolyn Martin, Robert Martin, Toby Martin (purchase award), Valerie Maynard (purchase award), Oscar McNary, Jerome Meadows, Ben Mercer, Eleanor Merritt, Gary L. Moore, Velma Morris (purchase award), Freddy Norman, Joseph Norman (purchase award), James Padgett, T. Maurice Pennington, Lonnie Powell, Valerie Respress, John Riddle, Jr., Hilda Robinson, Laverne Ross, Thom Shaw, Mariah Spann, Robert Spencer, Roy Vinson Thomas, Darlene Tyree (purchase award), Lamonte Westmoreland (purchase award), Cynthia White, Lavon Van Williams, Jr., Gilberto Wilson, Winston Wingo, Aundreta Wright, Theresa Young. Listings for Current Art Collection by year of acquisition include: 1980--Jerome B. Meadows, Elizabeth Catlett, William Duffy, James B. Pasley, George Balams, Phillip Hampton, Tina Dunkley, Michael Cummings, Thom Shaw, Robert Martin, Mark Herring; 1980-81, Maurice Pennington, Lev Mills, Freddie Styles, John Riddle; 1981-- Arturo Lindsay, Geraldine McCullough, Kathy E. Harper, Lethia Robertson, Tina Dunkley, Bisa Washington, Terry Hunter (2), Leroy Porter, James B. Pasley, Rudolph Robinson, Roger Murphy, Ben Jones, John Riddle; 1981-82, Paul Goodnight, Robert Dilworth, Phoebe Beasley, Lev Mills, Ted Jones (2), Bing Davis, Ayokunle Odeleye; 1982--Hale Woodruff, Thom Shaw, James E. Pate, Mark E. Morse, R. Martin, Michael Harris, John T. Scott, Freddie Styles, Lamerol A. Gatewood, Robert Peppers, Evelyn Terry, Tarrance Corbin, Richard Jordan, Carlton Thornton, Geraldine McCullough; 1984--Terry Adkins, Clemon Smith (2), Ellsworth Ausby, James E. Duprée, Charles Joyner, Carol A. Carter, Joyce Wellman, William Moore, George Balams, Willie Birch, Freddie Styles, Sana Musasama, Stanley Wilson, Scott; 1985: April M Chartrand, Carol Carter, Arthur Carraway, Cynthia Hawkins, Michael D. Harris, Shaw, Leroy Johnson, Tyrone Geter, Adger Cowans, Robert Martin, Lev Mills, Walter Jackson, Andrew Cunningham, Jr., Sidney V. Barkley, Frank Toby Martin, Jewel Simon (2) [plus listed as 1981 acquisition]; 1986: Harvey L. Johnson, Gall Shaw Clemons, Allen B. Poindexter, Michael Ellison, Kenneth Falana, Kevin Hamilton, Bertrand D. Phillips, Bob Helton, John H. Brown, Susan Thompson, Tina Dunkley, Louis J. Delsarte, Robert Martin, Lamonte Westmoreland, Kevin E. Cole, Debra D. Pressley, Ulysses Marshall, Ed Hamilton, Frank Toby Martin, Sana Musasama; 1987--Carlos F. Peterson (sc), Michael Ellison, Robert Spencer, Ted Jones, Lawrence Huff, William Anderson, Otis G. Sanders, James Green (fiber artist), Pat Ward Williams, James Maceo Rodgers, Robert Martin, Roy Vinson Thomas, Dewey Crumpler, Martin Payton, Curtis Tucker; 1988--Hilda C. Robinson, James E. Pate, Louis Delsarte, Falana, Stefanie Jackson, Holder, Wadsworth Jarrell, R. V. Thomas, Floyd E. Newsum, Angela Franklin, James E. Duprée, Robin M. Chandler, Jesse Guinyard, Jr., Dewey E. Crumpler, Charnelle Holloway; 1989 -- Louis Delsarte, Chuck Douglas, Ken Falana (3) MacArthur Goodwin, Calvin Hooks, Charnelle Holloway, Stephanie Jackson, Wadsworth Jarrell, Kazi Lawrence, James Pate, Robert (Bobby) Scroggins, Vincent Smith, Richard Watson, Gloria Williams. 8vo, wraps. BURBANK (CA). Artpeace Gallery.Assemblage & Collage.September 23-October 16, 2006.Group exhibition. Included: Talita Long (monoprints), John Outterbridge, LaMonte Westmoreland, and Mildred Howard (silkscreens). Jones, Regina Nickerson & Richard Arlen Wyatt, Jr.Visions of a Spirit.N.p.(Los Angeles): N.d..(12 pp.), 17 b&w illus. plus cover illus. Curated by Richard Wyatt, Jr. Published in conjunction with an undated survey exhibition (early seventies?) of Los Angeles based African American artists sponsored by "Soul Publications." The participants for this exhibition were Guillermo Anderson, Carroll Parrott Blue, James Borders, Bernie Casey, Dan Concholar, Houston Conwill, Vernell De Silva, Varnette P. Honeywood, Suzanne Jackson, Samella Lewis, Collie Lowe, John Outterbridge, Greg Pitts, Betye Saar, John Stinson, Ruth Waddy, Timothy Washington, LaMonte Westmoreland, Charles White (whose image is featured on the cover), Billy Dee Williams, Emmett Wyatt, Jr. and Richard Wyatt, Jr. Oblong 8vo, stapled pictorial wraps. First ed. Lewis, Samella, ed.Black Art: an international quarterly Vol. 1, No. 1 (Fall 1976).1976.68 pp., b&w and color illus. Articles include: African Influences On Black American Art by Floyd Coleman; Armando Solis by Mati Robinson; Collecting Black Art by Bob Holmes; Profile: Elizabeth Catlett (13 illus., 3 photos of artist, and 4 panel color fold-out); Profile: LaMonte Westmoreland; The Emerging Voice of the Black Visual Artists by Murray DePillars; Black American Music: the beginning by Bette Cox; Afro-Brazilian Art by Abdias do Nascimento (translation by Elizabeth Larkin); The Black Presence -- A Theatre of Creative Alternatives by Joan Sandler; African American Folk Tale. Artwork by: Sargent Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Aaron Douglas, Jacob Lawrence, Palmer Hayden, Richmond Barthé, Wadsworth Jarrell, Eldzier Cortor, Armando Solis, John Wilson, Elliot Pinkney, Elizabeth Catlett (including a four- page, color fold-out), Jose Heitor, Abdias do Nascimento, Sebastiao Januario. Festac poster. 4to, wraps. LOS ANGELES (CA). Brockman Gallery.Black Imagery 83 Part II.June 17-August 30, 1983.Group exhibition. Artists included: Marjorie Guyon, Varnette Honeywood, Paul Goodnight, Bernard Hoyes, John Simmons, Ronnie Stewart, LaMonte Westmoreland. Exhibition invitation card. LOS ANGELES (CA). California African American Museum.African American Artists in Los Angeles: A Survey Exhibition: Pathways (1966-1989).January 13-April 2, 2005.Part Two of the exhibition, Pathways, included artwork created between 1966 and 1989. Curated by Dale Brockman Davis. Included work by: Ron Adams, Jacqueline Alexander-Sykes, Tina Allen, Ernie Barnes, Sharon Barnes, Phoebe Beasley, Charles Bibbs, Melonee Blocker, David Bradford, Nathaniel Bustion, Bernie Casey, George Clack, Myko Clark, Avery Clayton, Dan Conchalar, Houston Conwill, Bill Crite, Alonzo Davis, Dale Brockman Davis, Ronn Davis, Charles Dickson, Gregory Edwards, Marion Epting, Frederic Eversley, Claude Fiddler, Melvino Garretti, David Hammons, Eugene Hawkins, Camille Higgins, Varnette Honeywood, Paul Houzell, Bernard Hoyes, Suzanne Jackson, James W. Jeffrey, Jr., Masud Kordofan (a.k.a. Greg Pitts), Artis Lane, Doyle Lane, Samella Lewis, Talita Long, Milton Loupe, Enrica Marshall, Yvonne Cole Meo, Willie Middlebrook, Howard Morehead, John Outterbridge, William Pajaud, Elliott Pinkney, Judson Powell, Noah Purifoy, Ramsess, John Riddle, Roho, Betye Saar, Raymond Saunders, John Simmons, Van Slater, Arenzo Smith, Asungi Smith, Donald R. Stinson, John Stinson, Roderick Sykes, Matthew Thomas, Teresa Tolliver, Yvonne Tucker, Ruth Waddy, Timothy Washington, Barbara Wesson, LaMonte Westmoreland, Charles White, Cynthia White, John Whitmore, Tyrone Whitmore, Stanley C. Wilson, Richard Wyatt, Milton Young. (Part Three - Fade was presented at the Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery in Barnsdall Art Park.) LOS ANGELES (CA). California African American Museum.Place of Validation: Art and Progression.September 29, 2011-April 1, 2012.Group exhibition of work by over 84 artists. Funded as part of the Getty's Pacific Standard Time exhibitions, but without funding for a catalogue. LOS ANGELES (CA). Jack Tilton Gallery.L.A. Object and David Hammons Body Prints.October 20-November 22, 2006; Book published in 2011.300 pp. exhib. cat., approx. 350 color and 260 b&w images. The group exhibition of work from the 1960s and 1970s was held in 2006. Texts by Yael Lipschutz, Tobias Wofford, Kellie Jones, Dale Davis, Josine Ianco-Starrels, Steve Cannon, et al. Curated by Cecil Fergerson. Artists included: Ed Bereal, Nathaniel Bustion, Alonzo Davis, Charles Dickson, David Hammons, Daniel Larue Johnson, Senga Nengudi, John Outterbridge, Noah Purifoy, Betye Saar, Timothy Washington, Lamonte Westmoreland. [Review NYT, November 14, 2006.] Sq. 4to (27 x 28 cm.; 10.25 x 12.25 in.), papered boards. First ed. LOS ANGELES (CA). Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA).Los Angeles 1972: A Panorama of Black Artists.February 8-March 19, 1972.Exhib. cat., illus. Curated by Cecil Fergerson and Claude Booker who are generally acknowledged only as "Co-sponsored by the Black Arts Council." The first exhibition of black artists at LACMA included 51 artists. Text by Carroll Greene, Jr. Includes: Abdu, Eileen Anderson, Guillermo Anderson, Romare Bearden, Melonee Blocker, M. Alex Bowie, Nathaniel Bustion, Bernie Casey, Robert D'Hue, Jr., Charles E. Dickson, Ernest Leroy Herbert, David Hammons, John Outterbridge, Elliott Pinkney, Gregory Pitts, Noah Purifoy, John T. Riddle, Elmer Rivers, Betye Saar, Lyle Suter, Timothy Washington, LaMonte Westmoreland, Stanley Wilson, Fred R. Wilson, Richard Wyatt, et al. 8vo, wraps. LOS ANGELES (CA). Luckman Gallery and California State-LA Fine Arts Gallery.50th Anniversary Faculty/Alumni Exhibition: An Artful Celebration.Thru November 21, 1997.Group exhibition. Included: Donald Bernard, Gloria Bohanon, Mark Greenfield, Yvonne Cole Meo, Rufus Snoddy, Lamonte Westmoreland. LOS ANGELES (CA). Luckman Gallery, California State University-LA.Redux: Selected Works by Recent Cal State L.A. M.F.A. Alumni.March 29-April 24, 2003.Group exhibition of work by 16 artists. Included: Mark Steven Greenfield, LaMonte Westmorelands. LOS ANGELES (CA). Luckman Gallery, California State University-LA; California Craft and Folk Art Museum.African American Artists in Los Angeles, A Survey Exhibition: Part One, Fade (1990-2003).January 16-February 29, 2004.Exhibition catalogue published by the City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs. Multi-venue group exhibition. Curator Malik Gaines. Artists included: Riua Akinshegun, Edgar Arceneaux, William Attaway, Joseph Beckles, Donald Bernard, Mark Bradford, Dennis O. Callwood, Lavialle Campbell, Roland Charles, Gerald Cyrus, Vaginal Davis, Marita Dingus, Nzuji De Magalhães, June Edmonds, Charles Gaines, Todd Gray, Mark Steven Greenfield, Marvin Harden, Kira Lynn Harris, Lyle Ashton Harris, Maren Hassinger, Ulysses Jenkins, Vincent Johnson, Jaime Macias, Kerry James Marshall, Guy J. Maxwell, Rodney McMillian, Willie Middlebrook, Ralph Middleton, Adia Millett, Dominique Moody, Senga Nengudi, Kori Newkirk, Lorraine O’Grady, John Outterbridge, Michael Queenland, Glynnis Reed, Sandra Rowe, Alison Saar, Betye Saar, Lezley Saar, Raymond Saunders, Gary Simmons, Joseph Sims, Rufus Snoddy, Eric Wesley, LaMonte Westmoreland, C. Ian White, Kehinde Wiley, Pat Ward Williams. [Long descriptive review: Doug Harvey, LAWeekly, February 12, 2004.] LOS ANGELES (CA). Watts Towers Art Center.BAILA con Duende.September 9, 2012-January 6, 2013.Group exhibition of 74 artists. Curated by Lili Bernard. Included: Andre Ajibade, Donna Angers, AfraShe Asungi, Sharon Louise Barnes, Phoebe Beasley, Joseph Beckles, Donald Bernard, Lili Bernard, Charles BIbbs, Oriana Bolden, Mark Bradford, Angela Briggs, Steven J. Brooks, Yrneh Gabon Brown, Mark Broyard, LaVialle Campbell, Dale Davis, Charles Dickson, June Edmonds, George Evans, Isaiah Bernard Ferguson, Charles Gaines, Zeal Harris, Kenyatta A.C. Hinkle, Bernard Hoyes, Ulysses Jenkins, Vincent Johnson, Artis Lane, Joseph Lewis, Samella Lewis, Milton Loupe, Isabelle Lutterodt, Enoch Mach, Derrick Maddox, Michael Massenburg, Rodney McMillian, Keith Mikell, Dave Miller, Domnique Moody, Ngene Mwaura, Rosalyn Myles, John Outterbridge, Sam Pace, William Pajaud, Duane Paul, Numa Perrier, Greg Pitts, Charla Puryear, Miles Regis, Betye Saar, Toni Scott, Joseph Sims, Carlos Spivey, Henry Taylor, Yohannes Tesfaye, Teresa Tolliver, Aaron Waugh, LaMonte Westmoreland, Kehinde Wiley, and two artists in memoriam Willie Middlebrook and Joseph Beckles. [The opening included live performances by Silfredo La O, Kenyatta A.C. Hinkle, Charles Dickson, Ingrid Elburg, and Anna Martine Whitehead.] [Review: Paul Von Blum, Tkkun.org, April 1-2013.] LOS ANGELES (CA). Watts Towers Art Center.Five at the Towers.May 1-12, 1986.Group exhibition. Included: Timothy Washington and Lamonte Westmoreland. PASADENA (CA). Armory Center for the Arts.Whose/Who's California: Golden State x 10.December, 2005-January 8, 2006.Group exhibition. Included: LaMonte Westmoreland. PASADENA (CA). Lizardi/Harp.Alonzo Davis / LaMonte Westmoreland.February 2-23, 1988.Two-person exhibition. SACRAMENTO (CA). E.B. Crocker Art Gallery and Los Angeles, Barnsdall Municipal Art Gallery.West Coast 74: The Black Image.September 13-October 13, 1974.Unpag. (69 pp.) exhib. cat., b&w illus. and biog. for each artist, bibliog. Text by Allan M. Gordon. Invitational exhibition. Includes: Cleveland J. Bellow, Albert A. Byrd, Robert Colescott, Dan Concholar, Marva Cremer, Charles Dickson, Joseph Geran, Russell T. Gordon, David Hammons, William Henderson, Margo Humphrey, Oliver Jackson, Suzanne Jackson, Mafie Johnson, Mary Lovelace O'Neal, Joe Overstreet, Noah Purifoy, John T. Riddle, Betye Saar, Raymond Saunders, Larry Walker, Carole Ward, Horace Washington, LaMonte Westmoreland, Charles White, Milton Young. [Traveled to: Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery, Barnsdall Park, Los Angeles, January 22-February 16, 1975.] Sq. 8vo (23 cm.), white stiff card covers, lettered in blind and in black. First ed. SAN FRANCISCO (CA). Harcourts Modern and Contemporary.LaMonte Westmoreland and Canan Tolon, Mixed Media Work.July 11-August 8, 1992.Two-person exhibition. SANTA MONICA (CA). M. Hanks Gallery.Distinctly Los Angeles: An African American Perspective.January 21-March 28, 2009.72 pp. exhib. cat., color illus. Text of Eric Hanks' interview with Dr. Samella Lewis. Artists included: Phoebe Beasley, Ken Carnes, Roland Charles, Dale Brockman Davis, June Edmonds, Mark Steven Greenfield, Varnette Honeywood, Bernard Hoyes, Artis Lane, Samella Lewis, Michael Massenburg, Willie Middlebrook, Dominique Moody, John Offutt, William Pajaud, John Riddle, LaMonte Westmoreland, Richard Wyatt. SANTA MONICA (CA). M. Hanks Gallery.Masterpieces of African American Art: An African American Perspective.2008.Exhib. cat., color illus. Text by David C. Driskell, text by Paul Von Blum, and an interview with Richard Long. Includes: Romare Bearden, Archibald Motley, Jr., Benny Andrews, David C. Driskell, Walter Williams, Charles Sebree, Palmer Hayden, Varnette Honeywood, Charles Searles, Michael Massenburg, William Pajaud, Phoebe Beasley, Charles Sallee, Willie Robert Middlebrook, La Monte Westmoreland, Hale Woodruff, John Offutt, William Artis, Beauford Delaney, Elizabeth Catlett, Thomas Sills, Rene Hanks, Eric Hanks, Tom Feelings, Amiri Baraka, Lois M. Jones, William Edouard Scott, and Grafton Tyler Brown. 8vo (23 cm.), wraps. First ed. SOUTH PASADENA (CA). Fremont Gallery.The Unusual Suspects.August 6-31, 2011.Group exhibition. Curated by Mark Stephen Greenfield. Included: Donald Bernard, Sharyll Burroughs, Gil Draper, June Edmonds, Loren Holland, John R. Martin, Ofunne Obiamiwe, Duane Paul, LaMonte Westmoreland. THOMISON, DENNIS.The Black Artist in America: An Index to Reproductions.Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 1991.Includes: index to Black artists, bibliography (including doctoral dissertations and audiovisual materials.) Many of the dozens of spelling errors and incomplete names have been corrected in this entry and names of known white artists omitted from our entry, but errors may still exist in this entry, so beware: Jesse Aaron, Charles Abramson, Maria Adair, Lauren Adam, Ovid P. Adams, Ron Adams, Terry Adkins, (Jonathan) Ta Coumba T. Aiken, Jacques Akins, Lawrence E. Alexander, Tina Allen, Pauline Alley-Barnes, Charles Alston, Frank Alston, Charlotte Amevor, Emma Amos (Levine), Allie Anderson, Benny Andrews, Edmund Minor Archer, Pastor Argudin y Pedroso [as Y. Pedroso Argudin], Anna Arnold, Ralph Arnold, William Artis, Kwasi Seitu Asante [as Kwai Seitu Asantey], Steve Ashby, Rose Auld, Ellsworth Ausby, Henry Avery, Charles Axt, Roland Ayers, Annabelle Bacot, Calvin Bailey, Herman Kofi Bailey, Malcolm Bailey, Annabelle Baker, E. Loretta Ballard, Jene Ballentine, Casper Banjo, Bill Banks, Ellen Banks, John W. Banks, Henry Bannarn, Edward Bannister, Curtis R. Barnes, Ernie Barnes, James MacDonald Barnsley, Richmond Barthé, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Daniel Carter Beard, Romare Bearden, Phoebe Beasley, Falcon Beazer, Arthello Beck, Sherman Beck, Cleveland Bellow, Gwendolyn Bennett, Herbert Bennett, Ed Bereal, Arthur Berry, Devoice Berry, Ben Bey, John Biggers, Camille Billops, Willie Birch, Eloise Bishop, Robert Blackburn, Tarleton Blackwell, Lamont K. Bland, Betty Blayton, Gloria Bohanon, Hawkins Bolden, Leslie Bolling, Shirley Bolton, Higgins Bond, Erma Booker, Michael Borders, Ronald Boutte, Siras Bowens, Lynn Bowers, Frank Bowling, David Bustill Bowser, David Patterson Boyd, David Bradford, Harold Bradford, Peter Bradley, Fred Bragg, Winston Branch, Brumsic Brandon, James Brantley, William Braxton, Bruce Brice, Arthur Britt, James Britton, Sylvester Britton, Moe Brooker, Bernard Brooks, Mable Brooks, Oraston Brooks-el, David Scott Brown, Elmer Brown, Fred Brown, Frederick Brown, Grafton Brown, James Andrew Brown, Joshua Brown, Kay Brown, Marvin Brown, Richard Brown, Samuel Brown, Vivian Browne, Henry Brownlee, Beverly Buchanan, Selma Burke, Arlene Burke-Morgan, Calvin Burnett, Margaret Burroughs, Cecil Burton, Charles Burwell, Nathaniel Bustion, David Butler, Carole Byard, Albert Byrd, Walter Cade, Joyce Cadoo, Bernard Cameron, Simms Campbell, Frederick Campbell, Thomas Cannon (as Canon), Nicholas Canyon, John Carlis, Arthur Carraway, Albert Carter, Allen Carter, George Carter, Grant Carter, Ivy Carter, Keithen Carter, Robert Carter, William Carter, Yvonne Carter, George Washington Carver, Bernard Casey, Yvonne Catchings, Elizabeth Catlett, Frances Catlett, Mitchell Caton, Catti, Charlotte Chambless, Dana Chandler, John Chandler, Robin Chandler, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Kitty Chavis, Edward Christmas, Petra Cintron, George Clack, Claude Clark Sr., Claude Lockhart Clark, Edward Clark, Irene Clark, LeRoy Clarke, Pauline Clay, Denise Cobb, Gylbert Coker, Marion Elizabeth Cole, Archie Coleman, Floyd Coleman, Donald Coles, Robert Colescott, Carolyn Collins, Paul Collins, Richard Collins, Samuel Collins, Don Concholar, Wallace Conway, Houston Conwill, William A. Cooper, Arthur Coppedge, Jean Cornwell, Eldzier Cortor, Samuel Countee, Harold Cousins, Cleo Crawford, Marva Cremer, Ernest Crichlow, Norma Criss, Allan Rohan Crite, Harvey Cropper, Geraldine Crossland, Rushie Croxton, Doris Crudup, Dewey Crumpler, Emilio Cruz, Charles Cullen (White artist), Vince Cullers, Michael Cummings, Urania Cummings, DeVon Cunningham, Samuel Curtis, William Curtis, Artis Dameron, Mary Reed Daniel, Aaron Darling, Alonzo Davis, Bing Davis, Charles Davis, Dale Davis, Rachel Davis, Theresa Davis, Ulysses Davis, Walter Lewis Davis, Charles C. Davis, William Dawson, Juette Day, Roy DeCarava, Avel DeKnight, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Nadine Delawrence, Louis Delsarte, Richard Dempsey, J. Brooks Dendy, III (as Brooks Dendy), James Denmark, Murry DePillars, Joseph DeVillis, Robert D'Hue, Kenneth Dickerson, Voris Dickerson, Charles Dickson, Frank Dillon, Leo Dillon, Robert Dilworth, James Donaldson, Jeff Donaldson, Lillian Dorsey, William Dorsey, Aaron Douglas, Emory Douglas, Calvin Douglass, Glanton Dowdell, John Dowell, Sam Doyle, David Driskell, Ulric S. Dunbar, Robert Duncanson, Eugenia Dunn, John Morris Dunn, Edward Dwight, Adolphus Ealey, Lawrence Edelin, William Edmondson, Anthony Edwards, Melvin Edwards, Eugene Eda [as Edy], John Elder, Maurice Ellison, Walter Ellison, Mae Engron, Annette Easley, Marion Epting, Melvyn Ettrick (as Melvin), Clifford Eubanks, Minnie Evans, Darrell Evers, Frederick Eversley, Cyril Fabio, James Fairfax, Kenneth Falana, Josephus Farmer, John Farrar, William Farrow, Malaika Favorite, Elton Fax, Tom Feelings, Claude Ferguson, Violet Fields, Lawrence Fisher, Thomas Flanagan, Walter Flax, Frederick Flemister, Mikelle Fletcher, Curt Flood, Batunde Folayemi, George Ford, Doyle Foreman, Leroy Foster, Walker Foster, John Francis, Richard Franklin, Ernest Frazier, Allan Freelon, Gloria Freeman, Pam Friday, John Fudge, Meta Fuller, Ibibio Fundi, Ramon Gabriel, Alice Gafford, West Gale, George Gamble, Reginald Gammon, Christine Gant, Jim Gary, Adolphus Garrett, Leroy Gaskin, Lamerol A. Gatewood, Herbert Gentry, Joseph Geran, Ezekiel Gibbs, William Giles, Sam Gilliam, Robert Glover, William Golding, Paul Goodnight, Erma Gordon, L. T. Gordon, Robert Gordon, Russell Gordon, Rex Goreleigh, Bernard Goss, Joe Grant, Oscar Graves, Todd Gray, Annabelle Green, James Green, Jonathan Green, Robert Green, Donald Greene, Michael Greene, Joseph Grey, Charles Ron Griffin, Eugene Grigsby, Raymond Grist, Michael Gude, Ethel Guest, John Hailstalk, Charles Haines, Horathel Hall, Karl Hall, Wesley Hall, Edward Hamilton, Eva Hamlin-Miller, David Hammons, James Hampton, Phillip Hampton, Marvin Harden, Inge Hardison, John Hardrick, Edwin Harleston, William Harper, Hugh Harrell, Oliver Harrington, Gilbert Harris, Hollon Harris, John Harris, Scotland J. B. Harris, Warren Harris, Bessie Harvey, Maren Hassinger, Cynthia Hawkins (as Thelma), William Hawkins, Frank Hayden, Kitty Hayden, Palmer Hayden, William Hayden, Vertis Hayes, Anthony Haynes, Wilbur Haynie, Benjamin Hazard, June Hector, Dion Henderson, Napoleon Jones-Henderson, William Henderson, Barkley Hendricks, Gregory A. Henry, Robert Henry, Ernest Herbert, James Herring, Mark Hewitt, Leon Hicks, Renalda Higgins, Hector Hill, Felrath Hines, Alfred Hinton, Tim Hinton, Adrienne Hoard, Irwin Hoffman, Raymond Holbert, Geoffrey Holder, Robin Holder, Lonnie Holley, Alvin Hollingsworth, Eddie Holmes, Varnette Honeywood, Earl J. Hooks, Ray Horner, Paul Houzell, Helena Howard, Humbert Howard, John Howard, Mildred Howard, Raymond Howell, William Howell, Calvin Hubbard, Henry Hudson, Julien Hudson, James Huff, Manuel Hughes, Margo Humphrey, Raymond Hunt, Richard Hunt, Clementine Hunter, Elliott Hunter, Arnold Hurley, Bill Hutson, Zell Ingram, Sue Irons, A. B. Jackson, Gerald Jackson, Harlan Jackson, Hiram Jackson, May Jackson, Oliver Jackson, Robert Jackson, Suzanne Jackson, Walter Jackson, Martha Jackson-Jarvis, Bob James, Wadsworth Jarrell, Jasmin Joseph [as Joseph Jasmin], Archie Jefferson, Rosalind Jeffries, Noah Jemison, Barbara Fudge Jenkins, Florian Jenkins, Chester Jennings, Venola Jennings, Wilmer Jennings, Georgia Jessup, Johana, Daniel Johnson, Edith Johnson, Harvey Johnson, Herbert Johnson, Jeanne Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Marie Johnson-Calloway, Milton Derr (as Milton Johnson), Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnston, Ben Jones, Calvin Jones, Dorcas Jones, Frank A. Jones, Frederick D. Jones, Jr. (as Frederic Jones), Henry B. Jones, Johnny Jones, Lawrence Arthur Jones, Leon Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Nathan Jones, Tonnie Jones, Napoleon Jones-Henderson, Barbara Jones-Hogu, Jack Jordan, Cliff Joseph, Ronald Joseph, Lemuel Joyner, Edward Judie, Michael Kabu, Arthur Kaufman, Charles Keck, Paul Keene, John Kendrick, Harriet Kennedy, Leon Kennedy, Joseph Kersey; Virginia Kiah, Henri King, James King, Gwendolyn Knight, Robert Knight, Lawrence Kolawole, Brenda Lacy, (Laura) Jean Lacy, Roy LaGrone, Artis Lane, Doyle Lane, Raymond Lark, Carolyn Lawrence, Jacob Lawrence, James Lawrence, Clarence Lawson, Louis LeBlanc, James Lee, Hughie Lee-Smith, Lizetta LeFalle-Collins, Leon Leonard, Bruce LeVert, Edmonia Lewis, Edwin E. Lewis, Flora Lewis, James E. Lewis, Norman Lewis, Roy Lewis, Samella Lewis, Elba Lightfoot, Charles Lilly [as Lily], Arturo Lindsay, Henry Linton, Jules Lion, James Little, Marcia Lloyd, Tom Lloyd, Jon Lockard, Donald Locke, Lionel Lofton, Juan Logan, Bert Long, Willie Longshore, Edward Loper, Francisco Lord, Jesse Lott, Edward Love, Nina Lovelace, Whitfield Lovell, Alvin Loving, Ramon Loy, William Luckett, John Lutz, Don McAllister, Theadius McCall, Dindga McCannon, Edward McCluney, Jesse McCowan, Sam McCrary, Geraldine McCullough, Lawrence McGaugh, Charles McGee, Donald McIlvaine, Karl McIntosh, Joseph Mack, Edward McKay, Thomas McKinney, Alexander McMath, Robert McMillon, William McNeil, Lloyd McNeill, Clarence Major, William Majors, David Mann, Ulysses Marshall, Phillip Lindsay Mason, Lester Mathews, Sharon Matthews, William (Bill) Maxwell, Gordon Mayes, Marietta Mayes, Richard Mayhew, Valerie Maynard, Victoria Meek, Leon Meeks, Yvonne Meo, Helga Meyer, Gaston Micheaux, Charles Mickens, Samuel Middleton, Onnie Millar, Aaron Miller, Algernon Miller, Don Miller, Earl Miller, Eva Hamlin Miller, Guy Miller, Julia Miller, Charles Milles, Armsted Mills, Edward Mills, Lev Mills, Priscilla Mills (P'lla), Carol Mitchell, Corinne Mitchell, Tyrone Mitchell, Arthur Monroe, Elizabeth Montgomery, Ronald Moody, Ted Moody, Frank Moore, Ron Moore, Sabra Moore, Theophilus Moore, William Moore, Leedell Moorehead, Scipio Moorhead, Clarence Morgan, Norma Morgan, Sister Gertrude Morgan, Patricia Morris, Keith Morrison, Lee Jack Morton, Jimmie Mosely, David Mosley, Lottie Moss, Archibald Motley, Hugh Mulzac, Betty Murchison, J. B. Murry, Teixera Nash, Inez Nathaniel, Frank Neal, George Neal, Jerome Neal, Robert Neal, Otto Neals, Robert Newsome, James Newton, Rochelle Nicholas, John Nichols, Isaac Nommo, Oliver Nowlin, Trudell Obey, Constance Okwumabua, Osira Olatunde, Kermit Oliver, Yaounde Olu, Ademola Olugebefola, Mary O'Neal, Haywood Oubré, Simon Outlaw, John Outterbridge, Joseph Overstreet, Carl Owens, Winnie Owens-Hart, Lorenzo Pace, William Pajaud, Denise Palm, James Pappas, Christopher Parks, James Parks, Louise Parks, Vera Parks, Oliver Parson, James Pate, Edgar Patience, John Payne, Leslie Payne, Sandra Peck, Alberto Pena, Angela Perkins, Marion Perkins, Michael Perry, Bertrand Phillips, Charles James Phillips, Harper Phillips, Ted Phillips, Delilah Pierce, Elijah Pierce, Harold Pierce, Anderson Pigatt, Stanley Pinckney, Howardena Pindell, Elliott Pinkney, Jerry Pinkney, Robert Pious, Adrian Piper, Horace Pippin, Betty Pitts, Stephanie Pogue, Naomi Polk, Charles Porter, James Porter, Georgette Powell, Judson Powell, Richard Powell, Daniel Pressley, Leslie Price, Ramon Price, Nelson Primus, Arnold Prince, E. (Evelyn?) Proctor, Nancy Prophet, Ronnie Prosser, William Pryor, Noah Purifoy, Florence Purviance, Martin Puryear, Mavis Pusey, Teodoro Ramos Blanco y Penita, Helen Ramsaran, Joseph Randolph; Thomas Range, Frank Rawlings, Jennifer Ray, Maxine Raysor, Patrick Reason, Roscoe Reddix, Junius Redwood, James Reed, Jerry Reed, Donald Reid, O. Richard Reid, Robert Reid, Leon Renfro, John Rhoden, Ben Richardson, Earle Richardson, Enid Richardson, Gary Rickson, John Riddle, Gregory Ridley, Faith Ringgold, Haywood Rivers, Arthur Roach, Malkia Roberts, Royal Robertson, Aminah Robinson, Charles Robinson, John N. Robinson, Peter L. Robinson, Brenda Rogers, Charles Rogers, Herbert Rogers, Juanita Rogers, Sultan Rogers, Bernard Rollins, Henry Rollins, Arthur Rose, Charles Ross, James Ross, Nellie Mae Rowe, Sandra Rowe, Nancy Rowland, Winfred Russsell, Mahler Ryder, Alison Saar, Betye Saar, Charles Sallee, JoeSam., Marion Sampler, Bert Samples, Juan Sanchez, Eve Sandler, Walter Sanford, Floyd Sapp, Raymond Saunders, Augusta Savage, Ann Sawyer, Sydney Schenck, Vivian Schuyler Key, John Scott (Johnny) , John Tarrell Scott, Joyce Scott, William Scott, Charles Searles, Charles Sebree, Bernard Sepyo, Bennie Settles, Franklin Shands, Frank Sharpe, Christopher Shelton, Milton Sherrill, Thomas Sills, Gloria Simmons, Carroll Simms, Jewell Simon, Walter Simon, Coreen Simpson, Ken Simpson, Merton Simpson, William Simpson, Michael Singletary (as Singletry), Nathaniel Sirles, Margaret Slade (Kelley), Van Slater, Louis Sloan, Albert A. Smith, Alfred J. Smith, Alvin Smith, Arenzo Smith, Damballah Dolphus Smith, Floyd Smith, Frank Smith, George Smith, Howard Smith, John Henry Smith, Marvin Smith, Mary T. Smith, Sue Jane Smith, Vincent Smith, William Smith, Zenobia Smith, Rufus Snoddy, Sylvia Snowden, Carroll Sockwell, Ben Solowey, Edgar Sorrells, Georgia Speller, Henry Speller, Shirley Stark, David Stephens, Lewis Stephens, Walter Stephens, Erik Stephenson, Nelson Stevens, Mary Stewart, Renée Stout, Edith Strange, Thelma Streat, Richard Stroud, Dennis Stroy, Charles Suggs, Sharon Sulton, Johnnie Swearingen, Earle Sweeting, Roderick Sykes, Clarence Talley, Ann Tanksley, Henry O. Tanner, James Tanner, Ralph Tate, Carlton Taylor, Cecil Taylor, Janet Taylor Pickett, Lawrence Taylor, William (Bill) Taylor, Herbert Temple, Emerson Terry, Evelyn Terry, Freida Tesfagiorgis, Alma Thomas, Charles Thomas, James "Son Ford" Thomas, Larry Erskine Thomas, Matthew Thomas, Roy Thomas, William Thomas (a.k.a. Juba Solo), Conrad Thompson, Lovett Thompson, Mildred Thompson, Phyllis Thompson, Bob Thompson, Russ Thompson, Dox Thrash, Mose Tolliver, William Tolliver, Lloyd Toone, John Torres, Elaine Towns, Bill Traylor, Charles Tucker, Clive Tucker, Yvonne Edwards Tucker, Charlene Tull, Donald Turner, Leo Twiggs, Alfred Tyler, Anna Tyler, Barbara Tyson Mosley, Bernard Upshur, Jon Urquhart, Florestee Vance, Ernest Varner, Royce Vaughn, George Victory, Harry Vital, Ruth Waddy, Annie Walker, Charles Walker, Clinton Walker, Earl Walker, Lawrence Walker, Raymond Walker [a.k.a. Bo Walker], William Walker, Bobby Walls, Daniel Warburg, Eugene Warburg, Denise Ward-Brown, Evelyn Ware, Laura Waring, Masood Ali Warren, Horace Washington, James Washington, Mary Washington, Timothy Washington, Richard Waters, James Watkins, Curtis Watson, Howard Watson, Willard Watson, Richard Waytt, Claude Weaver, Stephanie Weaver, Clifton Webb, Derek Webster, Edward Webster, Albert Wells, James Wells, Roland Welton, Barbara Wesson, Pheoris West, Lamonte Westmoreland, Charles White, Cynthia White, Franklin White, George White, J. Philip White, Jack White (sculptor), Jack White (painter), John Whitmore, Jack Whitten, Garrett Whyte, Benjamin Wigfall, Bertie Wiggs, Deborah Wilkins, Timothy Wilkins, Billy Dee Williams, Chester Williams, Douglas Williams, Frank Williams, George Williams, Gerald Williams, Jerome Williams, Jose Williams, Laura Williams, Matthew Williams, Michael K. Williams, Pat Ward Williams, Randy Williams, Roy Lee Williams, Todd Williams, Walter Williams, William T. Williams, Yvonne Williams, Philemona Williamson, Stan Williamson, Luster Willis, A. B. Wilson, Edward Wilson, Ellis Wilson, Fred Wilson, George Wilson, Henry Wilson, John Wilson, Stanley C. Wilson, Linda Windle, Eugene Winslow, Vernon Winslow, Cedric Winters, Viola Wood, Hale Woodruff, Roosevelt Woods, Shirley Woodson, Beulah Woodard, Bernard Wright, Dmitri Wright, Estella Viola Wright, George Wright, Richard Wyatt, Frank Wyley, Richard Yarde, James Yeargans, Joseph Yoakum, Bernard Young, Charles Young, Clarence Young, Kenneth Young, Milton Young. VON BLUM, PAUL.Recovering the Rubble: African American Assemblage Art in Los Angeles.2011.In: The Journal of Pan African Studies Vol.4, no. 5 (September 2011):248-261; color illus. Artists include: Yrneh Gabon Brown, Dale Davis, Charles Dickson, Dominique Moody, Noah Purifoy, Timothy Washington, and Lamonte Westmoreland; passing mention of Haile Gerima, David Hammons, John T. Riddle, and Betye Saar. WRIGHTWOOD (CA). ASTO Studio.Ho Yeon Kim / LaMonte Westmoreland.May 21-June 19, 2004.Two-person exhibition. Los Angeles (US: /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ (listen) lawss AN-jəl-əs;[a] Spanish: Los Ángeles [los ˈaŋxeles], lit. 'The Angels'), often referred to by its initials L.A.,[13] is the largest city in the U.S. state of California. With a population of roughly 3.9 million as of 2020,[8] it is the second largest city in the United States after New York City and one of the worlds most populous megacities. Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic and cultural diversity, Hollywood film industry, and sprawling metropolitan area. The city of Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California, adjacent to the Pacific Ocean extending through the Santa Monica Mountains and into the San Fernando Valley. It covers about 469 square miles (1,210 km2),[7] and is the seat of Los Angeles County, which is the most populous county in the United States with an estimated 9.86 million as of 2022.[14] Home to the Chumash and Tongva indigenous peoples, the area that became Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542. The city was founded on September 4, 1781, under Spanish governor Felipe de Neve, on the village of Yaanga.[15] It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and thus became part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood. The discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city.[16] The city was further expanded with the completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, which delivers water from Eastern California. Los Angeles has a diverse economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields. It also has the busiest container port in the Americas.[17][18] In 2018, the Los Angeles metropolitan area had a gross metropolitan product of over $1.0 trillion,[19] making it the city with the third-largest GDP in the world, after Tokyo and New York City. Los Angeles hosted the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics and will host the 2028 Summer Olympics. Contents1History1.1Pre-colonial history1.2Spanish rule1.3Mexican rule1.41847 to present2Pronunciation3Geography3.1Topography3.2Vegetation3.3Geology3.4Cityscape3.5Climate3.6Environmental issues4Demographics4.1Race and ethnicity4.2Religion4.3Homelessness4.4Crime5Economy6Arts and culture6.1Movies and the performing arts6.2Museums and galleries6.3Libraries6.4Landmarks7Sports8Government8.1Federal and state representation9Education9.1Colleges and universities9.2Schools10Media11Infrastructure11.1Transportation12Notable people13Sister cities14See also15Notes16References17Further reading17.1General17.2Architecture and urban theory17.3Race relations17.4LGBT17.5Environment17.6Social movements17.7Art and literature18External linksHistoryMain article: History of Los AngelesFor a chronological guide, see Timeline of Los Angeles.See also: Los Angeles in the 1920sHistorical affiliations Spanish Empire 1781–1821 First Mexican Empire 1821–1823 United Mexican States 1823–1848 United States 1848–presentPre-colonial historyThe Los Angeles coastal area was settled by the Tongva (Gabrieleños) and Chumash tribes. Los Angeles would eventually be founded on the village of iyáanga’ or Yaanga (written "Yang-na" by the Spanish), meaning "poison oak place".[20][21][15] Maritime explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area of southern California for the Spanish Empire in 1542 while on an official military exploring expedition moving north along the Pacific coast from earlier colonizing bases of New Spain in Central and South America.[22] Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769.[23] Spanish rule Felipe de Neve led the Los Angeles Pobladores in founding the city in 1781.In 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area.[24] On September 4, 1781, a group of forty-four settlers known as "Los Pobladores" founded the pueblo (town) they called El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles, 'The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels'.[25] The original name of the settlement is disputed; the Guinness Book of World Records rendered it as "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula";[26] other sources have shortened or alternate versions of the longer name.[27] The present-day city has the largest Roman Catholic archdiocese in the United States. Two-thirds of the Mexican or (New Spain) settlers were mestizo or mulatto, a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry.[28] The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820, the population had increased to about 650 residents.[29] Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street, the oldest part of Los Angeles.[30] Mexican ruleNew Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo now existed within the new Mexican Republic. During Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles, Alta California's regional capital.[31] By this time, the new republic introduced more secularization acts within the Los Angeles region.[32] In 1846, during the wider Mexican-American war, marines from the United States occupied the pueblo. This resulted in the siege of Los Angeles where 150 Mexican militias fought the occupiers which eventually surrendered.[33] 1847 to presentMexican rule ended during the Mexican–American War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847.[34] Railroads arrived with the completion of the transcontinental Southern Pacific line from New Orleans to Los Angeles in 1876 and the Santa Fe Railroad in 1885.[35] Petroleum was discovered in the city and surrounding area in 1892, and by 1923, the discoveries had helped California become the country's largest oil producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum output.[36] By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000,[37] putting pressure on the city's water supply.[38] The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, under the supervision of William Mulholland, ensured the continued growth of the city.[39] Because of clauses in the city's charter that prevented the City of Los Angeles from selling or providing water from the aqueduct to any area outside its borders, many adjacent cities and communities felt compelled to join Los Angeles.[40][41][42] Los Angeles created the first municipal zoning ordinance in the United States. On September 14, 1908, the Los Angeles City Council promulgated residential and industrial land use zones. The new ordinance established three residential zones of a single type, where industrial uses were prohibited. The proscriptions included barns, lumber yards, and any industrial land use employing machine-powered equipment. These laws were enforced against industrial properties after the fact. These prohibitions were in addition to existing activities that were already regulated as nuisances. These included explosives warehousing, gas works, oil drilling, slaughterhouses, and tanneries. Los Angeles City Council also designated seven industrial zones within the city. However, between 1908 and 1915, the Los Angeles City Council created various exceptions to the broad proscriptions that applied to these three residential zones, and as a consequence, some industrial uses emerged within them. There are two differences between the 1908 Residence District Ordinance and later zoning laws in the United States. First, the 1908 laws did not establish a comprehensive zoning map as the 1916 New York City Zoning Ordinance did. Second, the residential zones did not distinguish types of housing; they treated apartments, hotels, and detached-single-family housing equally.[43] Hill Street, looking north from 6th Street, c. 1913. Notable sites include Central Park (today's Pershing Square) (the trees, lower left), Hotel Portsmouth (lower right), and the Hill Street tunnel (at end of street).In 1910, Hollywood merged into Los Angeles, with 10 movie companies already operating in the city at the time. By 1921, more than 80 percent of the world's film industry was concentrated in L.A.[44] The money generated by the industry kept the city insulated from much of the economic loss suffered by the rest of the country during the Great Depression.[45] By 1930, the population surpassed one million.[46] In 1932, the city hosted the Summer Olympics. During World War II Los Angeles was a major center of wartime manufacturing, such as shipbuilding and aircraft. Calship built hundreds of Liberty Ships and Victory Ships on Terminal Island, and the Los Angeles area was the headquarters of six of the country's major aircraft manufacturers (Douglas Aircraft Company, Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, North American Aviation, Northrop Corporation, and Vultee). During the war, more aircraft were produced in one year than in all the pre-war years since the Wright brothers flew the first airplane in 1903, combined. Manufacturing in Los Angeles skyrocketed, and as William S. Knudsen, of the National Defense Advisory Commission put it, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible."[47] General George Patton during a welcome-home parade in Los Angeles, June 9, 1945After the end of World War II Los Angeles grew more rapidly than ever, sprawling into the San Fernando Valley.[48] The expansion of the Interstate Highway System during the 1950s and 1960s helped propel suburban growth and signaled the demise of the city's electrified rail system, once the world's largest.As a consequence of World War II, suburban growth, and population density, many amusement parks were built and operated in this area.[49] An example is Beverly Park, which was located at the corner of Beverly Boulevard and La Cienega before being closed and substituted by the Beverly Center.[50] Racial tensions led to the Watts riots in 1965, resulting in 34 deaths and over 1,000 injuries.[51] In 1969, California became the birthplace of the Internet, as the first ARPANET transmission was sent from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park.[52] In 1973, Tom Bradley was elected as the city's first African American mayor, serving for five terms until retiring in 1993. Other events in the city during the 1970s included the Symbionese Liberation Army's South Central standoff in 1974 and the Hillside Stranglers murder cases in 1977–1978.[53] In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became more financially successful than any previous,[54] and the second Olympics to turn a profit; the other, according to an analysis of contemporary newspaper reports, was the 1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.[55] Racial tensions erupted on April 29, 1992, with the acquittal by a Simi Valley jury of four Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers captured on videotape beating Rodney King, culminating in large-scale riots.[56][57] In 1994, the magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.[58] The century ended with the Rampart scandal, one of the most extensive documented cases of police misconduct in American history.[59] In 2002, Mayor James Hahn led the campaign against secession, resulting in voters defeating efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city.[60] Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games, making Los Angeles the third city to host the Olympics three times.[61][62] Pronunciation Olvera StreetThe local English pronunciation of the name of the city has varied over time. A 1953 article in the journal of the American Name Society asserts that the pronunciation /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ lawss AN-jəl-əs was established following the 1850 incorporation of the city and that since the 1880s the pronunciation /loʊs ˈæŋɡələs/ lohss ANG-gəl-əs emerged out of a trend in California to give places Spanish, or Spanish-sounding, names and pronunciations.[63] In 1908, librarian Charles Fletcher Lummis, who argued for the name's pronunciation with a hard g (/ɡ/),[64][65] reported that there were at least 12 pronunciation variants.[66] In the early 1900s, the Los Angeles Times advocated for pronouncing it Loce AHNG-hayl-ais (/loʊs ˈɑːŋheɪleɪs/), approximating Spanish [los ˈaŋxeles], by printing the respelling under its masthead for several years.[67] This did not find favor.[68] Since the 1930s, /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ has been most common.[69] In 1934, the United States Board on Geographic Names decreed that this pronunciation be used.[67] This was also endorsed in 1952 by a "jury" appointed by Mayor Fletcher Bowron to devise an official pronunciation.[63][67] GeographySee also: Los Angeles Basin; San Fernando Valley; Greater Los Angeles Area; and Los Angeles County, CaliforniaTopography Satellite photo showing the city of Los AngelesThe city of Los Angeles covers a total area of 502.7 square miles (1,302 km2), comprising 468.7 square miles (1,214 km2) of land and 34.0 square miles (88 km2) of water.[70] The city extends for 44 miles (71 km) north-south and for 29 miles (47 km) east-west. The perimeter of the city is 342 miles (550 km). Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point in the city proper is Mount Lukens at 5,074 ft (1,547 m),[71][72] located at the northeastern end of the San Fernando Valley. The eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains stretches from Downtown to the Pacific Ocean and separates the Los Angeles Basin from the San Fernando Valley. Other hilly parts of Los Angeles include the Mt. Washington area north of Downtown, eastern parts such as Boyle Heights, the Crenshaw district around the Baldwin Hills, and the San Pedro district. Surrounding the city are much higher mountains. Immediately to the north lie the San Gabriel Mountains, which is a popular recreation area for Angelenos. Its high point is Mount San Antonio, locally known as Mount Baldy, which reaches 10,064 feet (3,068 m). Further afield, the highest point in southern California is San Gorgonio Mountain, 81 miles (130 km) east of downtown Los Angeles,[73] with a height of 11,503 feet (3,506 m). The Los Angeles River, which is largely seasonal, is the primary drainage channel. It was straightened and lined in 51 miles (82 km) of concrete by the Army Corps of Engineers to act as a flood control channel.[74] The river begins in the Canoga Park district of the city, flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turns south through the city center, flowing to its mouth in the Port of Long Beach at the Pacific Ocean. The smaller Ballona Creek flows into the Santa Monica Bay at Playa del Rey. VegetationSee also: California coastal sage and chaparral Oldest palm tree in Los Angeles, 2019, with the Los Angeles Coliseum in the backgroundLos Angeles is rich in native plant species partly because of its diversity of habitats, including beaches, wetlands, and mountains. The most prevalent plant communities are coastal sage scrub, chaparral shrubland, and riparian woodland.[75] Native plants include: the California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, Ceanothus, Chamise, Coast Live Oak, sycamore, willow and Giant Wildrye. Many of these native species, such as the Los Angeles sunflower, have become so rare as to be considered endangered. Although it is not native to the area, the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral Tree (Erythrina caffra)[76] and the official flower of Los Angeles is the Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae).[77] Mexican Fan Palms, Canary Island Palms, Queen Palms, Date Palms, and California Fan Palms are common in the Los Angeles area, although only the last is native to California, though still not native to the City of Los Angeles. GeologyLos Angeles is subject to earthquakes because of its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The geologic instability has produced numerous faults, which cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes annually in Southern California, though most of them are too small to be felt.[78] The strike-slip San Andreas Fault system, which sits at the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, passes through the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The segment of the fault passing through Southern California experiences a major earthquake roughly every 110 to 140 years, and seismologists have warned about the next "big one", as the last major earthquake was the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake.[79] The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from blind thrust earthquakes.[80] Major earthquakes that have hit the Los Angeles area include the 1933 Long Beach, 1971 San Fernando, 1987 Whittier Narrows, and the 1994 Northridge events. All but a few are of low intensity and are not felt. The USGS has released the UCERF California earthquake forecast, which models earthquake occurrence in California. Parts of the city are also vulnerable to tsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from Aleutian Islands earthquake in 1946, Valdivia earthquake in 1960, Alaska earthquake in 1964, Chile earthquake in 2010 and Japan earthquake in 2011.[81] CityscapeMain article: List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles A view of Downtown Los Angeles in the background and the Hollywood district with the circular Capitol Records Building in the foregroundThe city is divided into many different districts and neighborhoods,[82][83] some of which were incorporated cities that have merged with Los Angeles.[84] These neighborhoods were developed piecemeal, and are well-defined enough that the city has signage which marks nearly all of them.[85] OverviewThe city's street patterns generally follow a grid plan, with uniform block lengths and occasional roads that cut across blocks. However, this is complicated by rugged terrain, which has necessitated having different grids for each of the valleys that Los Angeles covers. Major streets are designed to move large volumes of traffic through many parts of the city, many of which are extremely long; Sepulveda Boulevard is 43 miles (69 km) long, while Foothill Boulevard is over 60 miles (97 km) long, reaching as far east as San Bernardino. Drivers in Los Angeles suffer from one of the worst rush hour periods in the world, according to an annual traffic index by navigation system maker, TomTom. LA drivers spend an additional 92 hours in traffic each year. During the peak rush hour, there is 80% congestion, according to the index.[86] Los Angeles is often characterized by the presence of low-rise buildings, in contrast to New York City. Outside of a few centers such as Downtown, Warner Center, Century City, Koreatown, Miracle Mile, Hollywood, and Westwood, skyscrapers and high-rise buildings are not common in Los Angeles. The few skyscrapers built outside of those areas often stand out above the rest of the surrounding landscape. Most construction is done in separate units, rather than wall-to-wall. That being said Downtown Los Angeles itself has many buildings over 30 stories, with fourteen over 50 stories, and two over 70 stories, the tallest of which is the Wilshire Grand Center. Also Los Angeles is increasingly becoming a city of apartments rather than single-family dwellings, especially in the dense inner city and Westside neighborhoods.[citation needed] ClimateMain article: Climate of Los AngelesLos Angeles (Downtown)Climate chart (explanation)JFMAMJJASOND 3.3 6849 3.6 6850 2.2 7052 0.7 7255 0.3 7458 0.1 7761 0 8265 0 8465 0.1 8364 0.6 7960 0.8 7353 2.5 6748Average max. and min. temperatures in °FPrecipitation totals in inchesSource: NOAA[87]Metric conversionLos Angeles has a two-season Mediterranean climate of dry summer and very mild winter (Köppen Csb on the coast and most of downtown, Csa near the metropolitan region to the west), and receives just enough annual precipitation to avoid being classified as a semi-arid climate (BSh).[88] Daytime temperatures are generally temperate all year round. In winter, they average around 68 °F (20 °C) giving it a tropical feel although it is a few degrees too cool to be a true tropical climate on average due to cool night temperatures.[89][90] Los Angeles has plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.[91] Temperatures in the coastal basin exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and to five days in September.[91] Temperatures in the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are considerably warmer. Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30 °F (17 °C).[92] The average annual temperature of the sea is 63 °F (17 °C), from 58 °F (14 °C) in January to 68 °F (20 °C) in August.[93] Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July.[94] A clear evening view of Mount Lee and the Hollywood Sign from the Griffith Observatory lawnThe Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For example, the average July maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is 70 °F (21 °C) whereas it is 95 °F (35 °C) in Canoga Park, 15 miles (24 km) away.[95] The city, like much of the Southern Californian coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called "June Gloom". This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning that yield to sun by early afternoon.[96] More recently, statewide droughts in California have further strained the city's water security.[97] Downtown Los Angeles averages 14.67 in (373 mm) of precipitation annually, mainly occurring between November and March,[98][92] generally in the form of moderate rain showers, but sometimes as heavy rainfall during winter storms. Rainfall is usually higher in the hills and coastal slopes of the mountains because of orographic uplift. Summer days are usually rainless. Rarely, an incursion of moist air from the south or east can bring brief thunderstorms in late summer, especially to the mountains. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while the inland and mountain areas get considerably more. Years of average rainfall are rare. The usual pattern is a year-to-year variability, with a short string of dry years of 5–10 in (130–250 mm) rainfall, followed by one or two wet years with more than 20 in (510 mm).[92] Wet years are usually associated with warm water El Niño conditions in the Pacific, dry years with cooler water La Niña episodes. A series of rainy days can bring floods to the lowlands and mudslides to the hills, especially after wildfires have denuded the slopes. Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city basin and along the coast, with the last occurrence of a 32 °F (0 °C) reading at the downtown station being January 29, 1979;[92] freezing temperatures occur nearly every year in valley locations while the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2.0 inches (5 cm) on January 15, 1932.[92][99] While the most recent snowfall occurred in February 2019, the first snowfall since 1962,[100][101] with snow falling in areas adjacent to Los Angeles as recently as January 2021.[102] At the official downtown station, the highest recorded temperature is 113 °F (45 °C) on September 27, 2010,[92][103] while the lowest is 28 °F (−2 °C),[92] on January 4, 1949.[92] Within the City of Los Angeles, the highest temperature ever officially recorded is 121 °F (49 °C), on September 6, 2020, at the weather station at Pierce College in the San Fernando Valley neighborhood of Woodland Hills.[104] During autumn and winter, Santa Ana winds sometimes bring much warmer and drier conditions to Los Angeles, and raise wildfire risk. vteClimate data for Los Angeles (USC, Downtown), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1877–presentMonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high °F (°C)95(35)95(35)99(37)106(41)103(39)112(44)109(43)106(41)113(45)108(42)100(38)92(33)113(45)Mean maximum °F (°C)83.0(28.3)82.8(28.2)85.8(29.9)90.1(32.3)88.9(31.6)89.1(31.7)93.5(34.2)95.2(35.1)99.4(37.4)95.7(35.4)88.9(31.6)81.0(27.2)101.5(38.6)Average high °F (°C)68.0(20.0)68.0(20.0)69.9(21.1)72.4(22.4)73.7(23.2)77.2(25.1)82.0(27.8)84.0(28.9)83.0(28.3)78.6(25.9)72.9(22.7)67.4(19.7)74.8(23.8)Daily mean °F (°C)58.4(14.7)59.0(15.0)61.1(16.2)63.6(17.6)65.9(18.8)69.3(20.7)73.3(22.9)74.7(23.7)73.6(23.1)69.3(20.7)63.0(17.2)57.8(14.3)65.8(18.8)Average low °F (°C)48.9(9.4)50.0(10.0)52.4(11.3)54.8(12.7)58.1(14.5)61.4(16.3)64.7(18.2)65.4(18.6)64.2(17.9)59.9(15.5)53.1(11.7)48.2(9.0)56.8(13.8)Mean minimum °F (°C)41.4(5.2)42.9(6.1)45.4(7.4)48.9(9.4)53.5(11.9)57.4(14.1)61.1(16.2)61.7(16.5)59.1(15.1)53.7(12.1)45.4(7.4)40.5(4.7)39.2(4.0)Record low °F (°C)28(−2)28(−2)31(−1)36(2)40(4)46(8)49(9)49(9)44(7)40(4)34(1)30(−1)28(−2)Average rainfall inches (mm)3.29(84)3.64(92)2.23(57)0.69(18)0.32(8.1)0.09(2.3)0.02(0.51)0.00(0.00)0.13(3.3)0.58(15)0.78(20)2.48(63)14.25(362)Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in)6.16.35.12.81.90.50.40.10.42.22.85.534.1Mean monthly sunshine hours225.3222.5267.0303.5276.2275.8364.1349.5278.5255.1217.3219.43,254.2Percent possible sunshine71727278646483847573707173Source: NOAA (sun 1961–1977)[105][87][106][107]vteClimate data for Los Angeles (LAX), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1944–presentEnvironmental issuesFurther information: Pollution in California § Los Angeles air pollution The city is often covered in smog, December 2005.External audioaudio icon “Fighting Smog in Los Angeles”, Distillations Podcast, 2018 Science History InstituteA Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ (written Yang-na by the Spanish), which has been translated as "poison oak place".[20][21] Yang-na has also been translated as "the valley of smoke".[111][112] Owing to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to atmospheric inversion, which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources.[113] The percentage of small particle pollution (the kind that penetrates into the lungs) coming from vehicles in the city can get as high as 55 percent.[citation needed] The smog season lasts from approximately May to October.[114] While other large cities rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only 15 inches (380 mm) of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act. When the act was passed, California was unable to create a State Implementation Plan that would enable it to meet the new air quality standards, largely because of the level of pollution in Los Angeles generated by older vehicles.[115] More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low-emission vehicles. Smog is expected to continue to drop in the coming years because of aggressive steps to reduce it, which include electric and hybrid cars, improvements in mass transit, and other measures. The number of Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium.[116] Despite improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of the American Lung Association ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution.[117] In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution.[118] The city met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from renewable sources in 2010.[119] The American Lung Association's 2013 survey ranks the metro area as having the nation's worst smog, and fourth in both short-term and year-round pollution amounts.[120] Los Angeles is also home to the nation's largest urban oil field. There are more than 700 active oil wells within 1,500 feet (460 m) of homes, churches, schools and hospitals in the city, a situation about which the EPA has voiced serious concerns.[121] The city has an urban population of bobcats (Lynx rufus).[122] Mange is a common problem in this population.[122] Although Serieys et al. 2014 find selection of immune genetics at several loci they do not demonstrate that this produces a real difference which helps the bobcats to survive future mange outbreaks.[122] DemographicsMain articles: Demographics of Los Angeles and African-American neighborhoods in Los AngelesCity compared to State & U.S. Historical populationCensusPop.%±18501,610—18604,385172.4%18705,72830.6%188011,18395.2%189050,395350.6%1900102,479103.4%1910319,198211.5%1920576,67380.7%19301,238,048114.7%19401,504,27721.5%19501,970,35831.0%19602,479,01525.8%19702,811,80113.4%19802,968,5285.6%19903,485,39817.4%20003,694,8206.0%20103,792,6212.6%20203,898,7472.8%2021 (est.)3,849,297−1.3%United States Census Bureau[124]2010–2020, 2021[8]The 2010 U.S. census[125] reported Los Angeles had a population of 3,792,621.[126] The population density was 8,092.3 people per square mile (2,913.0/km2). The age distribution was 874,525 people (23.1%) under 18, 434,478 people (11.5%) from 18 to 24, 1,209,367 people (31.9%) from 25 to 44, 877,555 people (23.1%) from 45 to 64, and 396,696 people (10.5%) who were 65 or older.[126] The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.[126] There were 1,413,995 housing units—up from 1,298,350 during 2005–2009[126]—at an average density of 2,812.8 households per square mile (1,086.0/km2), of which 503,863 (38.2%) were owner-occupied, and 814,305 (61.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 1,535,444 people (40.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,172,576 people (57.3%) lived in rental housing units.[126] Percentage of households with incomes above $150k across LA County census tractsAccording to the 2010 United States Census, Los Angeles had a median household income of $49,497, with 22.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[126] Race and ethnicityRacial composition1940[127]1970[127]1990[127]2010[128]2020[128]Hispanic or Latino7.1%17.1%39.9%48.5%46.9%White (non-Hispanic)86.3%61.1%37.3%28.7%28.9%Asian (non-Hispanic)2.2%3.6%9.8%11.1%11.7%Black or African American (non-Hispanic)4.2%17.9%14.0%9.2%8.3%Other (non-Hispanic)N/AN/A0.1%0.3%0.7%Two or more races (non-Hispanic)N/AN/AN/A2.0%3.3% Map of racial and ethnic distribution in Los Angeles, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ OtherAccording to the 2010 census, the racial makeup of Los Angeles included: 1,888,158 Whites (49.8%), 365,118 African Americans (9.6%), 28,215 Native Americans (0.7%), 426,959 Asians (11.3%), 5,577 Pacific Islanders (0.1%), 902,959 from other races (23.8%), and 175,635 (4.6%) from two or more races.[126] Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1,838,822 persons (48.5%). Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different identified languages.[129] Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, Little Bangladesh, and Thai Town provide examples of the polyglot character of Los Angeles. Non-Hispanic Whites were 28.7% of the population in 2010,[126] compared to 86.3% in 1940.[127] The majority of the Non-Hispanic White population is living in areas along the Pacific coast as well as in neighborhoods near and on the Santa Monica Mountains from the Pacific Palisades to Los Feliz. Mexican ancestry make up the largest ethnic group of Hispanics at 31.9% of the city's population, followed by those of Salvadoran (6.0%) and Guatemalan (3.6%) heritage. The Hispanic population has a long established Mexican-American and Central American community and is spread well-nigh throughout the entire city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area. It is most heavily concentrated in regions around Downtown as East Los Angeles, Northeast Los Angeles and Westlake. Furthermore, a vast majority of residents in neighborhoods in eastern South Los Angeles towards Downey are of Hispanic origin.[citation needed] The largest Asian ethnic groups are Filipinos (3.2%) and Koreans (2.9%), which have their own established ethnic enclaves—Koreatown in the Wilshire Center and Historic Filipinotown.[130] Chinese people, which make up 1.8% of Los Angeles's population, reside mostly outside of Los Angeles city limits and rather in the San Gabriel Valley of eastern Los Angeles County, but make a sizable presence in the city, notably in Chinatown.[131] Chinatown and Thaitown are also home to many Thais and Cambodians, which make up 0.3% and 0.1% of Los Angeles's population, respectively. The Japanese comprise 0.9% of LA's population and have an established Little Tokyo in the city's downtown, and another significant community of Japanese Americans is in the Sawtelle district of West Los Angeles. Vietnamese make up 0.5% of Los Angeles's population. Indians make up 0.9% of the city's population. The city is also home to Armenians, Assyrians, and Iranians, many of whom live in enclaves like Little Armenia and Tehrangeles.[citation needed] African Americans have been the predominant ethnic group in South Los Angeles, which has emerged as the largest African American community in the western United States since the 1960s. The neighborhoods of South Los Angeles with highest concentration of African Americans include Crenshaw, Baldwin Hills, Leimert Park, Hyde Park, Gramercy Park, Manchester Square and Watts.[132] Apart from South Los Angeles, neighborhoods in the Central region of Los Angeles, as Mid-City and Mid-Wilshire have a moderate concentration of African Americans as well.[citation needed] ReligionReligious affiliation (2014)[133][134]Christian 65%Catholic 32%Protestant 30%Other Christian 3%Unaffiliated 25%Jewish 3%Muslim 2%Buddhist 2%Hindu 1%Other faiths 1% The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels is the mother cathedral for the Los Angeles archdiocese.[135]According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in Los Angeles (65%).[133][134] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles is the largest archdiocese in the country.[136] Cardinal Roger Mahony, as the archbishop, oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which opened in September 2002 in Downtown Los Angeles.[137] In 2011, the once common, but ultimately lapsed, custom of conducting a procession and Mass in honor of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles, in commemoration of the founding of the City of Los Angeles in 1781, was revived by the Queen of Angels Foundation and its founder Mark Albert, with the support of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles as well as several civic leaders.[138] The recently revived custom is a continuation of the original processions and Masses that commenced on the first anniversary of the founding of Los Angeles in 1782 and continued for nearly a century thereafter. With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area, the region has the second-largest population of Jews in the United States, after New York City.[139] Many of Los Angeles's Jews now live on the Westside and in the San Fernando Valley, though Boyle Heights once had a large Jewish population prior to World War II due to restrictive housing covenants. Major Orthodox Jewish neighborhoods include Hancock Park, Pico-Robertson, and Valley Village, while Jewish Israelis are well represented in the Encino and Tarzana neighborhoods, and Persian Jews in Beverly Hills. Many varieties of Judaism are represented in the greater Los Angeles area, including Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades; it is no longer in daily use as a synagogue and is being converted to a museum and community center.[140][141] The Kabbalah Centre also has a presence in the city.[142] The International Church of the Foursquare Gospel was founded in Los Angeles by Aimee Semple McPherson in 1923 and remains headquartered there to this day. For many years, the church convened at Angelus Temple, which, at its construction, was one of the largest churches in the country.[143] Los Angeles has had a rich and influential Protestant tradition. The first Protestant service in Los Angeles was a Methodist meeting held in a private home in 1850 and the oldest Protestant church still operating, First Congregational Church, was founded in 1867.[144] In the early 1900s the Bible Institute Of Los Angeles published the founding documents of the Christian Fundamentalist movement and the Azusa Street Revival launched Pentecostalism.[144] The Metropolitan Community Church also had its origins in the Los Angeles area.[145] Important churches in the city include First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood, Bel Air Presbyterian Church, First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles, West Angeles Church of God in Christ, Second Baptist Church, Crenshaw Christian Center, McCarty Memorial Christian Church, and First Congregational Church. The Los Angeles California Temple, the second-largest temple operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.[146] The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the Celebrity Center of Scientology.[147][148] Because of Los Angeles's large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Baháʼí, various Eastern Orthodox Churches, Sufism, Shintoism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion and countless others. Immigrants from Asia for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world. The first Buddhist joss house was founded in the city in 1875.[144] Atheism and other secular beliefs are also common, as the city is the largest in the Western U.S. Unchurched Belt. HomelessnessMain article: Homelessness in Los Angeles Homeless people outside city hall, 2021As of January 2020, there are 41,290 homeless people in the City of Los Angeles, comprising roughly 62% of the homeless population of LA County.[149] This is an increase of 14.2% over the previous year (with a 12.7% increase in the overall homeless population of LA County).[150][151] The epicenter of homelessness in Los Angeles is the Skid Row neighborhood, which contains 8,000 homeless people, one of the largest stable populations of homeless people in the United States.[152][153] The increased homeless population in Los Angeles has been attributed to lack of housing affordability[154] and to substance abuse.[155] Almost 60 percent of the 82,955 people who became newly homeless in 2019 said their homelessness was because of economic hardship.[150] In Los Angeles, black people are roughly four times more likely to experience homelessness.[150][156] CrimeSee also: Crime in Los Angeles and List of criminal gangs in Los Angeles The LAPD on May Day 2006 in front of the new Caltrans District 7 HeadquartersIn 1992, the city of Los Angeles recorded 1,092 murders.[157] Los Angeles experienced a significant decline in crime in the 1990s and late 2000s and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.[158][159] This is a rate of 7.85 per 100,000 population—a major decrease from 1980 when a homicide rate of 34.2 per 100,000 was reported.[160][161] This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of a SWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD's history.[162] Los Angeles in the year of 2013 totaled 251 murders, a decrease of 16 percent from the previous year. Police speculate the drop resulted from a number of factors, including young people spending more time online.[163] In 2021, murders rose to the highest level since 2008 and there were 348.[164] In 2015, it was revealed that the LAPD had been under-reporting crime for eight years, making the crime rate in the city appear much lower than it really is.[165][166] The Dragna crime family and the Cohen crime family dominated organized crime in the city during the Prohibition era[167] and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s with the battle of Sunset Strip as part of the American Mafia, but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[167] According to the Los Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into 450 gangs.[168] Among them are the Crips and Bloods, which are both African American street gangs that originated in the South Los Angeles region. Latino street gangs such as the Sureños, a Mexican American street gang, and Mara Salvatrucha, which has mainly members of Salvadoran descent, all originated in Los Angeles. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".[169] EconomySee also: Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce and Los Angeles County, California § Economy Employment by industry in Los Angeles County (2015) Kaiser Sunset Hospital in Los Angeles. Kaiser Permanente was the largest non-government employer in Los Angeles County in 2018.The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion pictures, video games, music recording, and production), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism.[citation needed] Other significant industries include finance, telecommunications, law, healthcare, and transportation. In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Los Angeles was ranked as having the 19th most competitive financial center in the world, and sixth most competitive in the United States (after New York City, San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, and Washington, D.C.).[170] One of the five major film studios, Paramount Pictures, is within the city limits,[171] its location being part of the so-called "Thirty-Mile Zone" of entertainment headquarters in Southern California. Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the United States.[172] The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the busiest port in the United States by some measures and the fifth-busiest port in the world, vital to trade within the Pacific Rim.[172] The Los Angeles metropolitan area has a gross metropolitan product of over $1.0 trillion (as of 2018),[19] making it the third-largest economic metropolitan area in the world after Tokyo and New York.[19] Los Angeles has been classified an "alpha world city" according to a 2012 study by a group at Loughborough University.[173] The Department of Cannabis Regulation enforces cannabis legislation after the legalization of the sale and distribution of cannabis in 2016.[174] As of October 2019, more than 300 existing cannabis businesses (both retailers and their suppliers) have been granted approval to operate in what is considered the nation's largest market.[175][176] As of 2018, Los Angeles is home to three Fortune 500 companies: AECOM, CBRE Group, and Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co.[177] Other companies headquartered in Los Angeles and the surrounding metropolitan area include The Aerospace Corporation, California Pizza Kitchen,[178] Capital Group Companies, Deluxe Entertainment Services Group, Dine Brands Global, DreamWorks Animation, Dollar Shave Club, Fandango Media, Farmers Insurance Group, Forever 21, Hulu, Panda Express, SpaceX, Ubisoft Film & Television, The Walt Disney Company, Universal Pictures, Warner Bros., Warner Music Group, and Trader Joe's. Largest non-government employers in Los Angeles County, August 2018[179]RankEmployerEmployees1Kaiser Permanente37,4682University of Southern California21,0553Northrop Grumman Corp.16,6004Providence Health and Services Southern California15,9525Target Corp.15,0006Ralphs/Food 4 Less (Kroger Co. Division)14,9707Cedars-Sinai Medical Center14,9038Walt Disney Co.13,0009Allied Universal12,87910NBC Universal12,000Arts and cultureMain article: Culture of Los Angeles Hollywood BowlLos Angeles is often billed as the "Creative Capital of the World" because one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry[180] and there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any other time in history.[181] Movies and the performing artsThe city's Hollywood neighborhood has become recognized as the center of the motion picture industry and the Los Angeles area is also associated with being the center of the television industry.[182] The city is home to major film studios as well as major record labels. Los Angeles plays host to the annual Academy Awards, the Primetime Emmy Awards, the Grammy Awards as well as many other entertainment industry awards shows. Los Angeles is the site of the USC School of Cinematic Arts which is the oldest film school in the United States.[183] The Dolby Theatre, venue for the Academy AwardsThe performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles's cultural identity. According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week."[181] The Los Angeles Music Center is "one of the three largest performing arts centers in the nation", with more than 1.3 million visitors per year.[184] The Walt Disney Concert Hall, centerpiece of the Music Center, is home to the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic.[185] Notable organizations such as Center Theatre Group, the Los Angeles Master Chorale, and the Los Angeles Opera are also resident companies of the Music Center.[186][187][188] Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as the Colburn School and the USC Thornton School of Music. Museums and galleriesSee also: List of museums in Los Angeles and List of museums in Los Angeles County, CaliforniaThere are 841 museums and art galleries in Los Angeles County,[189] more museums per capita than any other city in the U.S.[189] Some of the notable museums are the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (the largest art museum in the Western United States[190]), the Getty Center (part of the J. Paul Getty Trust, the world's wealthiest art institution[191]), the Petersen Automotive Museum,[192] the Huntington Library,[193] the Natural History Museum,[194] the Battleship Iowa,[195] and the Museum of Contemporary Art.[196] A significant number of art galleries are on Gallery Row, and tens of thousands attend the monthly Downtown Art Walk there.[197] LibrariesThe Los Angeles Public Library system operates 72 public libraries in the city.[198] Enclaves of unincorporated areas are served by branches of the County of Los Angeles Public Library, many of which are within walking distance to residents.[199] LandmarksSee also: List of sites of interest in the Los Angeles area and National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, CaliforniaImportant landmarks in Los Angeles include the Hollywood Sign,[200] Walt Disney Concert Hall, Capitol Records Building,[201] the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels,[202] Angels Flight,[203] Grauman's Chinese Theatre,[204] Dolby Theatre,[205] Griffith Observatory,[206] Getty Center,[207] Getty Villa,[208] Stahl House,[209] the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, L.A. Live,[210] the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Venice Canal Historic District and boardwalk, Theme Building, Bradbury Building, U.S. Bank Tower, Wilshire Grand Center, Hollywood Boulevard, Los Angeles City Hall, Hollywood Bowl,[211] battleship USS Iowa, Watts Towers,[212] Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, and Olvera Street.[213] SportsSee also: Sports in Los Angeles and History of the National Football League in Los Angeles Los Angeles Memorial ColiseumThe city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area are the home of eleven top-level professional sports teams, several of which play in neighboring communities but use Los Angeles in their name. These teams include the Los Angeles Dodgers[214] and Los Angeles Angels[215] of Major League Baseball (MLB), the Los Angeles Rams[216] and Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL), the Los Angeles Lakers[217] and Los Angeles Clippers[218] of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Los Angeles Kings[219] and Anaheim Ducks[220] of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Los Angeles Galaxy[221] and Los Angeles FC[222] of Major League Soccer (MLS), and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).[223] Other notable sports teams include the UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), both of which are Division I teams in the Pac-12 Conference, but will soon be moved to the Big Ten Conference.[224] Dodger StadiumLos Angeles is the second-largest city in the United States but hosted no NFL team between 1995 and 2015. At one time, the Los Angeles area hosted two NFL teams: the Rams and the Raiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving to St. Louis, and the Raiders moving back to their original home of Oakland. After 21 seasons in St. Louis, on January 12, 2016, the NFL announced the Rams would be moving back to Los Angeles for the 2016 NFL season with its home games played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for four seasons.[225][226][227] Prior to 1995, the Rams played their home games in the Coliseum from 1946 to 1979 which made them the first professional sports team to play in Los Angeles, and then moved to Anaheim Stadium from 1980 until 1994. The San Diego Chargers announced on January 12, 2017, that they would also relocate back to Los Angeles (the first since its inaugural season in 1960) and become the Los Angeles Chargers beginning in the 2017 NFL season and played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson, California for three seasons.[228] The Rams and the Chargers would soon move to the newly built SoFi Stadium, located in nearby Inglewood during the 2020 season.[229] Crypto.com Arena is a sports arena, home to the Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers, Los Angeles Kings and Los Angeles Sparks.Los Angeles boasts a number of sports venues, including Dodger Stadium,[230] the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum,[231] Banc of California Stadium[232] and the Crypto.com Arena.[233] The Forum, SoFi Stadium, Dignity Health Sports Park, the Rose Bowl, Angel Stadium, and the Honda Center are also in adjacent cities and cities in Los Angeles's metropolitan area.[234] Los Angeles has twice hosted the Summer Olympic Games: in 1932 and in 1984, and will host the games for a third time in 2028.[235] Los Angeles will be the third city after London (1908, 1948 and 2012) and Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024) to host the Olympic Games three times. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Los Angeles also hosted the Deaflympics in 1985[236] and Special Olympics World Summer Games in 2015.[237] 8 NFL Super Bowls were also held in the city and its surrounding areas- 2 at the Memorial Coliseum (the first Super Bowl, I and VII), 5 at the Rose Bowl in suburban Pasadena (XI, XIV, XVII, XXI, and XXVII), and 1 at the suburban Inglewood (LVI) .[238] The Rose Bowl also hosts an annual and highly prestigious NCAA college football game called the Rose Bowl, which happens every New Year's Day. Los Angeles also hosted 8 FIFA World Cup soccer games at the Rose Bowl in 1994, including the final, where Brazil won. The Rose Bowl also hosted 4 matches in the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, including the final, where the United States won against China on penalty kicks. This was the game where Brandi Chastain took her shirt off after she scored the tournament-winning penalty kick, creating an iconic image. Los Angeles will be one of eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup with matches set to be held at SoFi Stadium.[239] Los Angeles is one of six North American cities to have won championships in all five of its major leagues (MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA and MLS), having completed the feat with the Kings' 2012 Stanley Cup title.[240] GovernmentMain article: Government of Los AngelesSee also: Government of Los Angeles County The Tom Bradley Room, making up the whole interior of L.A. City Hall's 27th floorLos Angeles is a charter city as opposed to a general law city. The current charter was adopted on June 8, 1999, and has been amended many times.[241] The elected government consists of the Los Angeles City Council and the mayor of Los Angeles, which operate under a mayor–council government, as well as the city attorney (not to be confused with the district attorney, a county office) and controller. The mayor is Eric Garcetti.[242] There are 15 city council districts. The city has many departments and appointed officers, including the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD),[243] the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners,[244] the Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD),[245] the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA),[246] the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT),[247] and the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).[248] The charter of the City of Los Angeles ratified by voters in 1999 created a system of advisory neighborhood councils that would represent the diversity of stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in the neighborhood. The neighborhood councils are relatively autonomous and spontaneous in that they identify their own boundaries, establish their own bylaws, and elect their own officers. There are about 90 neighborhood councils. Residents of Los Angeles elect supervisors for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th supervisorial districts. Federal and state representationIn the California State Assembly, Los Angeles is split between fourteen districts.[249] In the California State Senate, the city is split between eight districts.[250] In the United States House of Representatives, it is split among ten congressional districts.[251] EducationColleges and universities Los Angeles branch of the California State Normal School on Vermont Avenue in Downtown Los Angeles, between 1882 and 1914. The site is now occupied by the Los Angeles Central Library. California State University, Los AngelesThere are three public universities within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).[252] Private colleges in the city include: American Film Institute Conservatory[253]Alliant International University[254]American Academy of Dramatic Arts (Los Angeles Campus)[255]American Jewish University[256]Abraham Lincoln University[257]The American Musical and Dramatic Academy – Los Angeles campusAntioch University's Los Angeles campus[258]Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science[259]Colburn School[260]Columbia College Hollywood[261]Emerson College (Los Angeles Campus)[262]Emperor's College[263]Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising's Los Angeles campus (FIDM)Los Angeles Film School[264]Loyola Marymount University (LMU is also the parent university of Loyola Law School in Los Angeles)[265]Marymount College[266]Mount St. Mary's College[267]National University of California[268]Occidental College ("Oxy")[269]Otis College of Art and Design (Otis)[270]Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc)[271]Southwestern Law School[272]University of Southern California (USC)[273]Woodbury University[274]The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District: East Los Angeles College (ELAC)[275]Los Angeles City College (LACC)[276]Los Angeles Harbor College[277]Los Angeles Mission College[278]Los Angeles Pierce College[279]Los Angeles Valley College (LAVC)[280]Los Angeles Southwest College[281]Los Angeles Trade-Technical College[282]West Los Angeles College[283]There are numerous additional colleges and universities outside the city limits in the Greater Los Angeles area, including the Claremont Colleges consortium, which includes the most selective liberal arts colleges in the U.S., and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), one of the top STEM-focused research institutions in the world. The Los Angeles Central Library is in Downtown Los Angeles.SchoolsSee also: Los Angeles County, California § Colleges and universities; and List of high schools in Los Angeles County, CaliforniaLos Angeles Unified School District serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population around 800,000.[284] After Proposition 13 was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools. Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the Inglewood Unified School District,[285] and the Las Virgenes Unified School District.[286] The Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts. MediaMain article: Media in Los AngelesSee also: List of television shows set in Los Angeles and List of films set in Los Angeles Former Los Angeles Times headquarters in the Civic CenterThe Los Angeles metro area is the second-largest broadcast designated market area in the U.S. (after New York) with 5,431,140 homes (4.956% of the U.S.), which is served by a wide variety of local AM and FM radio and television stations. Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have seven VHF allocations assigned to them.[287] The Fox Plaza in Century City, headquarters for 20th Century FoxAs part of the region's aforementioned creative industry, the Big Four major broadcast television networks, ABC, CBS, FOX, and NBC, all have production facilities and offices throughout various areas of Los Angeles. All four major broadcast television networks, plus major Spanish-language networks Telemundo and Univision, also own and operate stations that both serve the Los Angeles market and serve as each network's West Coast flagship station: ABC's KABC-TV (Channel 7),[288] CBS's KCBS-TV (Channel 2), Fox's KTTV-TV (Channel 11),[289] NBC's KNBC-TV (Channel 4),[290] MyNetworkTV's KCOP-TV (Channel 13), Telemundo's KVEA-TV (Channel 52), and Univision's KMEX-TV (Channel 34). The region also has three PBS stations, as well as KCET (Channel 28), the nation's largest independent public television station. KTBN (Channel 40) is the flagship station of the religious Trinity Broadcasting Network, based out of Santa Ana. A variety of independent television stations, such as KCAL-TV (Channel 9) and KTLA-TV (Channel 5), also operate in the area. The major daily English-language newspaper in the area is the Los Angeles Times.[291] La Opinión is the city's major daily Spanish-language paper.[292] The Korea Times is the city's major daily Korean-language paper while The World Journal is the city and county's major Chinese newspaper. The Los Angeles Sentinel is the city's major African-American weekly paper, boasting the largest African-American readership in the Western United States.[293] Investor's Business Daily is distributed from its LA corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa del Rey.[294] There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the Los Angeles Register, Los Angeles Community News, (which focuses on coverage of the greater Los Angeles area), Los Angeles Daily News (which focuses coverage on the San Fernando Valley), LA Weekly, L.A. Record (which focuses coverage on the music scene in the Greater Los Angeles Area), Los Angeles Magazine, the Los Angeles Business Journal, the Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper), The Hollywood Reporter, Variety (both entertainment industry papers), and Los Angeles Downtown News.[295] In addition to the major papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, English, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, and Arabic. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps with certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include The Daily Breeze (serving the South Bay), and The Long Beach Press-Telegram. Los Angeles arts, culture and nightlife news is also covered by a number of local and national online guides, including Time Out Los Angeles, Thrillist, Kristin's List, DailyCandy, Diversity News Magazine, LAist, and Flavorpill.[296][297][298][299] InfrastructureTransportationMain article: Transportation in Los AngelesFreewaysMain article: Southern California freeways The Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange, connecting the Century Freeway (I-105) and the Harbor Freeway (I-110)The city and the rest of the Los Angeles metropolitan area are served by an extensive network of freeways and highways. Texas Transportation Institute's annual Urban Mobility Report ranked Los Angeles area roads the most congested in the United States in 2019 as measured by annual delay per traveler, area residents experiencing a cumulative average of 119 hours waiting in traffic that year.[300] Los Angeles was followed by San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C., and Miami. Despite the congestion in the city, the mean daily travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles's mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, D.C.[301] The major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include Interstate 5, which runs south through San Diego to Tijuana in Mexico and north through Sacramento, Portland, and Seattle to the Canada–US border; Interstate 10, the southernmost east–west, coast-to-coast Interstate Highway in the United States, going to Jacksonville, Florida; and U.S. Route 101, which heads to the California Central Coast, San Francisco, the Redwood Empire, and the Oregon and Washington coasts. Transit systemsMain article: Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Los Angeles Metro Rail and Metro Transitway mapThe LA County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA County Metro) and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines, as well as subway and light rail lines across Los Angeles County, with a combined monthly ridership (measured in individual boardings) of 38.8 million as of September 2011. The majority of this (30.5 million) is taken up by the city's bus system,[302] the second busiest in the country. The subway and light rail combined average the remaining roughly 8.2 million boardings per month.[302] LA County Metro recorded over 397 million boardings for the 2017 calendar year, including about 285 million bus riders and about 113 million riding on rail transit.[303] For the first quarter of 2018, there were just under 95 million system-wide boardings, down from about 98 million in 2017, and about 105 million in 2016.[304] In 2005, 10.2% of Los Angeles commuters rode some form of public transportation.[305] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 9.2% of working Los Angeles (city) residents made the journey to work via public transportation.[306] The city's subway system is the ninth busiest in the United States and its light rail system is the country's busiest.[307] The rail system includes the B and D subway lines, as well as the A, C, E, and L light rail lines. In 2016, the E Line was extended to the Pacific Ocean at Santa Monica. The Metro G and J lines are bus rapid transit lines with stops and frequency similar to those of light rail. As of 2018, the total number of light rail stations is 93. The city is also central to the commuter rail system Metrolink, which links Los Angeles to all neighboring counties as well as many suburbs.[308] Besides the rail service provided by Metrolink and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Los Angeles is served by inter-city passenger trains from Amtrak. The main rail station in the city is Union Station just north of Downtown. In addition, the city directly contracts for local and commuter bus service through the Los Angeles Department of Transportation, or LADOT. AirportsMain article: List of airports in the Los Angeles areaThe main international and domestic airport serving Los Angeles is Los Angeles International Airport (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX), commonly referred to by its airport code, LAX.[309] Other major nearby commercial airports include: (IATA: ONT, ICAO: KONT) Ontario International Airport, owned by the city of Ontario, CA; serves the Inland Empire.[310](IATA: BUR, ICAO: KBUR) Hollywood Burbank Airport, jointly owned by the cities of Burbank, Glendale, and Pasadena. Formerly known as Bob Hope Airport and Burbank Airport, the closest airport to Downtown Los Angeles serves the San Fernando, San Gabriel, and Antelope Valleys.[311](IATA: LGB, ICAO: KLGB) Long Beach Airport, serves the Long Beach/Harbor area.[312](IATA: SNA, ICAO: KSNA) John Wayne Airport of Orange County.One of the world's busiest general-aviation airports is also in Los Angeles: Van Nuys Airport (IATA: VNY, ICAO: KVNY).[313] Seaports The Vincent Thomas Bridge is at Terminal Island.The Port of Los Angeles is in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies 7,500 acres (30 km2) of land and water along 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach.[314] The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.[315][316] Together, both ports are the fifth busiest container port in the world, with a trade volume of over 14.2 million TEU's in 2008.[317] Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast of the United States – The Port of Los Angeles's World Cruise Center served about 590,000 passengers in 2014.[318] There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along Los Angeles's coastline. The port includes four bridges: the Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Gerald Desmond Bridge, and Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge. Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the city of Avalon on Santa Catalina Island is provided by Catalina Express. Notable peopleMain article: List of people from Los AngelesAs home to Hollywood and its entertainment industry, numerous singers, actors, celebrities and other entertainers live in various districts of Los Angeles. Sister cities A sign near City Hall points to the sister cities of Los Angeles.Los Angeles has 25 sister cities,[319] listed chronologically by year joined: Eilat, Israel (1959) Nagoya, Japan (1959) Salvador, Brazil (1962) Bordeaux, France (1964)[320][321] Berlin, Germany (1967)[322] Lusaka, Zambia (1968) Mexico City, Mexico (1969) Auckland, New Zealand (1971) Busan, South Korea (1971) Mumbai, India (1972) Tehran, Iran (1972) Taipei, Taiwan (1979) Guangzhou, China (1981)[323] Athens, Greece (1984) Saint Petersburg, Russia (1984) Vancouver, Canada (1986)[324] Giza, Egypt (1989) Jakarta, Indonesia (1990) Kaunas, Lithuania (1991) Makati, Philippines (1992) Split, Croatia (1993)[325] San Salvador, El Salvador (2005) Beirut, Lebanon (2006) Ischia, Campania, Italy (2006) Yerevan, Armenia (2007)[326]In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities":

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