1800s ANTIQUE BOOK French Revolution JACOBINS massacres ANARCHY power struggles

Description: The Origins of Contemporary France. The French Revolution by Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, translated by John Durand, Vol. 2, published by Henry Holt & Co. New York, 1881. Hardcover. This is VOLUME 2 (ONLY) of Hippolyte Adolphe Taine’s 3 VOLUME history of the French Revolution. The French Revolution in three volumes is a historical work by French historian Hippolyte Taine. This period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France began in 1789 with the fall of the Bastille and held the country in turbulence for the next decade. This listing is for Volume 2 (only) and focuses on the Jacobins, tracing their origins, their rise, their conquest of power, and their conduct right up until the eve of the Reign of Terror. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, catalyzed violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon. In conducting his research, Taine invented a unique form of inquiry, combining history (social, constitutional, and ideological) with sociology and psychology, supported by substantial references to archive material. CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME (VOLUME 2): PREFACE THE JACOBIN CONQUEST RISE OF THE NEW POLITICAL ORGAN: Principle of the revolutionary party. Its applications. Formation of the Jacobin. The common human elements of his character. Self-conceit and dogmatism are sensitive and rebellious in every community. How kept down in all well-founded societies. Their development in the new order of things. Effect of milieu on imaginations and ambitions. The stimulants of Utopianism, abuses of speech, and derangement of ideas. Changes in office; interests played upon and perverted feeling. Psychology of the Jacobin. His intellectual method. Tyranny of formula and suppression of facts. Mental balance disturbed. Signs of this in the revolutionary language. Scope and expression of the Jacobin intellect. In what respect his method is mischievous. How it is successful. Illusions produced by it. What the theory promises. How it flatters wounded self-esteem. The ruling passion of the Jacobin. Apparent both in style and conduct. He alone is virtuous in his own estimation, while his adversaries are vile. They must accordingly be put out of the way. Perfection of this character. Common sense and moral sense both perverted. FORMATION OF THE PARTY: Its recruits. These are rare in the upper class and amongst the masses. They are numerous in the low bourgeois class and in the upper stratum of the people. The position and education which enroll a man in the party. Spontaneous associations after July 14, 1789. How these dissolve. Withdrawal of people of sense and occupation. Number of those absent at elections. Birth and multiplication of Jacobin societies. Their adherents. Their maneuves and despotism. How they view the liberty of the press. Their political doings. Ther rallying points. Origin and composit of the Paris Jacobin club. Its affiliates with provincial clubs. Its leaders. The Fanatics. The Intriguers. Their object. Their means. Small number of Jacobins Sources of their power. They form a league. They have fath. Their uncrupulousness. The power of the party vested in the group which best fulfills these conditions. THE JACOBINS IN POWER: The elections of 1791. Proportion of places gained by them. Their siege operations. Means used by them to discourage the majority of electors and conservative candidates. Frequency of elections. Effect of the oath. Annoyances and dangers of public offices. The Constituents excluded from the Legislative body. The friends of order deprived of the right of free assemblage. Violent treatment of their clubs in Paris and the provinces. Legal prevention of conservative associations. Turmoil at the elections of 1790. Elections in 1791. Effect of the King's fight. Domiciliary visits. Mortagne during the electoral period. Intimidation and withdrawal of the Conservatives. Popular outbreaks in Burgundy, Lyonnais, Provence, and the large cities. Electoral proceedings of the Jacobins; examples at Aix, Dax, and Montpellier. Agitators go un-punished. Denunciations by name. Manceuvres with the peasantry. General tactics of the Jacobins. COMPOSITION OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY: Social rank of the Deputies. Their inexperience, incompetence, and prejudices. Degree and quality of their intelligence and culture. Aspect of their sessions. Scenes and display at the club. Co-operation of spectators. Parties. The "Right." The " Centre." The " Left." Opinions and sentiments of the Girondists. Their allies of the extreme “Left." Their means of action. Dispersion of the Feuillants club. Pressure of the tribunes on the Assembly. Street mobs. Parliamentary maneuvers. Abuses of urgency. Vote on the principle. Call by name. Intimidation of the «Centre." Opponents inactive. The majority finally disposed of. POLICY OF THE ASSEMBLY: State of France at the end of 1791. Powerlessness of the Law. The Assembly hostile to the oppressed and favoring oppressors. Decrees against the nobles and clergy. Amnesty for deserters, convicts, and bandits. Anarchical and level-ling maxims. War. Disposition of foreign powers. The King's dislikes. Provocations of the Girondists. Date and causes of the rupture. Secret motives of the leaders. Their control compromised by peace. Discontent of the rich and cultivated class. Formation and increase of the party of order. The King and this party reconciled. Effect of the war on the commonalty. Its alarm and its rage. The second revolutionary outburst and its characteristics. Alliance of the Girondists with the populace. The red cap and pikes. Universal substitution of government by force for government by law. THE DEPARTMENTS: Provence in 1792. Early supremacy of the Jacobins in Marseilles. Composition of the party. The club and the municipality. Expulsion of the Ernest regiment. The expedition to Aix. The regiment disarms. The Directory driven out. Pressure on the new Directory. The Constitutionalists of Arles. The Marseilles expedition against Arles. Excesses committed by them in the town and its vicinity. Invasion of Apt, the club and its volunteers. The Jacobins of Avignon. How they obtain recruits. Their robberies in the Comtat. The Avignon municipality in flight or in prison. Murder of Lécuyer and the Glacière massacre. Entry of the murderers, supported by their Marseilles allies. Jacobin dictatorship in Vaucluse and the Bouches-du-Rhône. Other departments. Uniform process of the Jacobin conquest. Preconceived formation of a Jacobin State. PARIS - PRESSURE OF THE ASSEMBLY ON THE KING: His veto rendered void or eluded. His ministers insulted and driven away. The usurpations of his Girondist ministry. He removes them. Insurrectionary preparations. The floating and poor population of Paris. Disposition of the workmen. Effect of poverty and want of work. Effect of Jacobin preaching. The revolutionary army. Character of its reviews. It’s first review. It’s actual effective force. Its leaders. Their committee. How they created excitement. The 20th of June. The programme. The muster. The procession before the Assembly. Irruption into the château. The King in the presence of the people. INDIGNATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONALISTS: Cause of their weakness. The Girondists renew the attack. Their double plan. Pressure on the King. Pétion and Manuel brought to the Hôtel-de-ville. The Ministry obliged to resign. Jacobin agitation against the King. Pressure on the Assembly. Petition of the Paris Commune. Threats of the petitioners and of the galleries. Session of August 8th. Girondist strategy foiled in two ways. The Girondists work for the benefit of the Jacobins. The armed force sent away or disorganized. The Federates summoned. Brest and Marseilles send men. Public sessions of administrative bodies. Permanence of administrative bodies and of the sections. Effect of these two measures. The central bureau of the Hotel-de-ville. Origin and formation of the revolutionary Commune. IV. Vain attempts of the Girondists to put it down. Jacobin alarm, their entusiasm, and their programme. Evening of August 8. Session of August 9. Morning of August 10. The Assembly purged. Nights of August 9 and 10. The sections. Commissioners of the sections at the Hôtel-de-ville. The revolutionary Commune is substituted for the legal Commune. August 10. The King's forces.- Resistance abandoned. The King in the National Assembly. Conflict at the palace and discharge of the Swiss Guard. The palace evacuated by the King's order. The massacres. The enslaved Assembly and its decrees. State of Paris in the interregnum. The mass of the population. Subaltern Jacobins. The Jacobin leaders. MOB RULE IN TIMES OF ANARCHY: Case of anarchy recently and suddenly brought on. The band that succeeds the fallen government and its administrative tools. Progress of the homicidal idea in the mass of the party. The morning after August 10. The tribunal of August. The funereal fête of August 27. The prison plot. Rise of the homicidal idea among the leaders. Their situation. The powers they usurp. Their spoliations. The risks they run. Terror their salvation. Date of the determination of this. The actors and their parts. Marat. Danton. The Commune. Its cooperators. Harmony of dispositions and readiness of operation. Common workmen. Their numbers. Their condition. Their sentiments. Effect of murder on the murderers. Their degradation. Their insensibility. Effect of the massacre on the public. General dejection and the dissolution of society. The ascendency of the Jacobins assured in Paris. The men of September upheld in the Commune and elected to the Convention. THE DEPARTMENTS: The epidemic and contagious character of the revolutionary disease. Its essential principle is the Jacobin dogma of the sovereignty of the people. The new right is officially proclaimed. Public statement of the new régime. Its object, its opponents, its methods. Its extension from Paris to the provinces. In several departments it establishes itself in advance. An instance of this in the Var. Each Jacobin band a dictator in its own neighborhood. Saint-Afrique during the interregnum. Ordinary practices of the Jacobin dictatorship. The stationary companies of the clubs. Their personnel. Their leaders. The companies of traveling volunteers. Quality of the recruits. Election of officers. Robberies and murders. A tour of France in the cabinet of the Minister of the Interior. From Carcassonne to Bordeaux. Bordeaux to Caen. The north and the east. Châlons-sur-Marne to Lyons. The Comtat and Provence. The tone and the responses of the Jacobin administration. The programme of the party. THE SECOND STAGE OF THE JACOBIN CONQUEST: The importance and multitude of vacant offices. The elections. The young and the poor invited to the ballot-box. Danger of the Conservatives if candidates. Their chiefs absent themselves. Proportion of absentees at the primary assemblies. Composition and tone of the secondary assemblies. Exclusion of "Feuillant" electors. Pressure on other electors. Persons elected by the Conservatives obliged to resign. Elections by the Catholics cancelled. Secession of the Jacobin mi-norities. The election of their men made valid. Public opinion not in accord with official selections. Composition of the National Convention. Number of Montagnards at the start.- Opinions and sentiments of the deputies of the Plain. The Gironde. Ascendency of the Girondists in the Convention. Their intellectual character. Their principles. The plan of their Constitution. Their fanaticism. Their sincerity, culture and tastes. How they differ from pure Jacobins. How they comprehend popular sovereignty. Their stipulations with regard to the initiative of individuals and of groups. Weakness of philosophic thought and of parliamentary authority in times of anarchy. Opinion in Paris. The majority of the population constitutional. The new régime unpopular. Scarcity and dearness of food. Catholic customs obstructed. Universal and increasing discontent. A version or indifference to the Girondists. Political resignation of the majority. Modern customs incompatible with pure democracy. Men of property and income, manufacturers and tradesmen, keep aloof. Dissensions, timidity and feebleness of the Conservatives. The Jacobins alone form the sovereign people. Composition of the party. Its numbers and quality decline. The Underlings. Idle and dissipated workmen. The suburban rabble. Bandits and blackguards. Prostitutes. The September actors. The ruling representative man. His mental character and compass. The political ideas of M. Saule. PRECARIOUS SITUATION OF A CENTRAL GOVERNMENT WITHIN THE PRECINCTS OF A LOCAL JURISDICTION: Jacobin advantages. Their sway in the section assemblies. Maintenance, re-election and completion of the Commune. Its new chiefs, Chaumette, Hébert and Pache. The National Guard recast. Jacobins elected officers and sub-officers. The paid band of roughs. Private and public funds of the party. It’s parliamentary recruits. Their characters and minds. Saint-Just. Violence of the minority in the Convention. Pressure of the gallenes. Menaces of the streets. Defection among the majority. Effect of physical fear.- Effect of moral cowardice. Effect of political necessity. Internal weakness of the Girondists. Accomplices in principle of the Montagnards. Principal decrees of the Girondist majority. Arms and means of attack surrendered by it to its adversaries. Committees of Supervision after March 28, 1793. The régime of August and September, 1792, revived. Disarmament. Certificates of civism. Forced enlistments. Forced loans. Use made of the sums raised. Vain resistance of the Convention. Marat, indicted, is acquitted. Vain resistance of the population. Manifestations by young men repressed. Violence and victory of the Jacobins in the assemblies of the sections. Jacobin tactics to constrain the Convention. Petition of April 15 against the Girondists. Means employed to obtain signatures. The Convention declares the petition calumnious. The commission of Twelve and arrest of Hébert. Plans for massacres. Intervention of the Mountain leaders. The 27th day of May. The central revolutionary committee. The municipal body displaced and then restored. Henriot, commanding general. The 31st of May. Measures of the Commune. The 2d of June. Arrest of the Twelve and of the Twenty-two. Character of the new governors. Why France accepted them. CONDITION: This is VOLUME 2 (ONLY) of Hippolyte Adolphe Taine’s 3 VOLUME history of the French Revolution and it is in good condition. Tight binding, clean text. Book shows normal fairly minor signs of storage & age. The cover is worn, scuffed, ripped, and has edge wear. Bumped cover corners. Pages have turned yellow from age. Foxing to paper commensurate with age. There is a tear on the contents page. There is some writing on one of the endpapers at the back of the book. A piece of the back endpaper has been torn out of the book and is not longer present. Please see pictures. THE PICTURES ARE TO BE CONSIDERED AS PART OF THE DESCRIPTION. PLEASE REVIEW THEM FOR A BETTER IDEA OF CONDITION.

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